Medical Translation Essay Example for Free

Medical Translation EssayIntroduction The medical exam cost to be translated are selected from three articles. Two articles deal with the posttraumatic stress dis order, a change of intellectual complaint and the other article is about the immune repartee in transplantation. Medical limits differ from that in daily use, and the same give voice back tooth have different meanings within various mounts. In addition, more medical stipulations have roots and affixes which are mostly borrowed from Greek and Latin language, and as a result an analysis of the roots, prefixes and suffixes is necessary in order to translate the terms acutely and succinctly. Some terms dirty dog be transliterated into Chinese language while some need to be paraphrased into Chinese harmonise to the context. The translation of medical terms should non only be accurate, but should also be concise, easy to understand and avoid being ambiguous. Article i Blockade of Lymphocyte Chemotaxis in Visce ral Graft-versus-Host Disease 1. Graft-versus-host Disease Graft way any transplanted or implanted organ or tissue in English, in Chinese language, graft mess be translated as . The term versus in English style the situation in which two sides are against severally other.In Chinese language, the term refers to , but the term is usually used in military area and it is not concise for the translation of versus in medical field. Comparatively, the term ? in Chinese is more suitable for the translation of versus as it is concise and it net reflect the condition in which unmatched part is repellent to state of ward another. Host nub the body which accepts the transplantation. In Chinese, the character means the body on which another animal or plant lives (cf. Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese dictionary854).In medical field, can be referred to the body to which the organ or tissue is attached. T presentfore, the disease Graft-versus-host can be translated as , a disease in which the transplanted organ is antagonistic towards the body which accepts the implantation and it can turn over to the destruction of the host body. 2. Antigen-presenting cells The prefix anti means being against and antagonistic. The suffix gen refers to that which breed. Therefore, the term antigen can be literally translated as , a kind of center field that can generate immune reaction.Presenting refers to clinging to a cell surface for detective work of other molecules. In biological process, the antigen-presenting cell can process the antigen cells by taking and presenting them to the lymphocyte cells. In Chinese language, the term refers to recognizing and detecting specialised substance and the term means taking and bringing. Consequently, the term antigen-presenting cell can be translated into in Chinese language. 3. Lymphocyte recruitment Lymphocyte is a kind of leukocyte cell and it is a product of lymphoid tissue, participating in immune activities .In Chinese language, the term lymphocyte is transliterated as , which refers to pertaining to the lymphocyte. The term recruitment refers to the dull increase and in Chinese language, means a growth and proliferation in number. Therefore, the term can be translated as . 4. secondary Graft Losses Secondary generally refers to the second rank in dictionary, but in the context, the term means being derived from what is original and primary. The term secondary should be translated as which means pertaining to progressive.The terms losses means dysfunction and destruction of the transplanted graft and in the context, and it can be translated as in Chinese. Consequently, the term secondary graft losses translated into Chinese is . 5. Myeloproliferative ailment The root myelo refers to bone marrow and the term proliferative means rapid growth and increase. The term means an abnormal increase of marrow. therefrom myelo can be translated as in Chinese language. The term prol iferative can be translated as which means abnormal increase and production.Disorder can be translated as ? which means abnormal condition of body. Therefore, the term myeloproliferative disorder can be translated as in Chinese language. 6. Antichemotactic effect The prefix anti means against and it can be translated as ? in Chinese language. The term chemotacxis refers to the orientation of a microorganism in response to chemical stimulus and it can be translated as in Chinese language which means the orientation of an object moving toward or away from something. Effect means result of something and it can be interpret as in Chinese. Thus the term can be translated as in Chinese language.Article Two Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis, History and longitudinal Course 7. Shattered Cognitive Assumptions The word shattered means deteriorate, cognitive refers to mental process including thinking and learning and the word assumptions means essential supposition. The te rm here refers to the disease with which the patient subjectively cannot stop thinking and assuming something terrible is going to happen without real proof and actually everything is imaginary.Shattered here can be translated as , and cognitive can be interpret as and assumptions can be translated as in which the character ? means subjective and imaginary and ? refers to thinking. The character ? means disease. Therefore, the term can be concisely interpreted as . 8. Fear Conditioning The word fear means the feeling that someone thinks he or she is in danger. The word conditioning refers to a situation in which a stimulus originally unable of evoking a response becomes able to cause the response to occur by linking it with another stimulus that does so.The term fear conditioning here in the context means in a particular neutral condition, the patient who suffers posttraumatic stress disorder feels worried and frightened by consistently linking the neutral condition to the unpleasant cognize that causes the patient to feel feared. Fear here can be translated as , which means feeling in danger and conditioning can be interpreted as which refers to under a particular situation. Therefore, the term fear conditioning can be translated as .9. Diffuse Anxiety Diffuse means not specific or limited and in the context, diffuse anxiety refers to a kind of mental disease with which the patient experiences uncontrollable worries and fear without definite reasons. It is a kind of anxiety that has no specific content or focus. Diffuse here can be translated as which means pervasive and not throttle and anxiety can be interpreted as which refers to fear and worries. As a result, the term diffuse anxiety can be translated as . 10. shoot Shock The word concussion refers to an emergency in which the tissues and organs of a body experience a lack of blood flow and oxygen, and it can lead to severe damage to the body. In the context, shell shock is a mental d isease, and it often occurs in soldier who has been hurt by the explosion of cannonballs. Patients with the shell shock generally have symptoms like tremor, headache, difficulty in concentration. Shock can be transliterated as and shell can be literally translated as in Chinese language. The translation of shell shock should be .But the translation cannot reflect the nature of the disorder. As a result, the term which means the neuras soia should be added to the translation. Therefore, the term shell shock should be translated as . 11. Operational Fatigue The term operational is pertaining to military and Fatigue literally refers to weariness. In the context, fatigue means mental tiredness and operational fatigue is a mental disorder with symptoms like irritability and tremor. The disorder mainly occurs in soldiers who are influenced by the cruelty of war both mentally and psychologically.Fatigue can be translated as which means unbearable mental and psychological stress caused by war. Thus, the term operational fatigue can be translated as . 12. Startle Reaction The word startle means to frighten or alarm suddenly and the word reaction refers to the response to a stimulus. In the context, the term startle reaction is a symptom of posttraumatic patients who behave and response vigilantly to neutral stimulus. The term can be translated as . 13. Sympathetic overreactivity The word sympathetic means showing sympathy and understanding.The term in the context means the symptom of patient who over concerns and understands other messs feelings. Sympathetic can be translated as in Chinese language. Overreactivity refers to abnormal reaction and it can be translated as in Chinese language. The term, then can be concisely translated as . 14. Traumatic Neurosis Traumatic refers to serious injury to the human body. The term traumatic neurosis in the context means the shadow exerted by traumatic injury to the human body both in psychology and mentality.T he term traumatic can be translated as which means relating to physical injury and neurosis can be interpreted as which means the psychological dysfunction and mental fatigue. The term can be translated as in Chinese language. 15. Psychological Numbing The term in the context refers to the aloof attitude of the patient towards the people and events around him or her. pot with psychological numbing are frigid and show little concern or care about the outside world. The term is related to the patients psychological and emotional attitudes towards the society and psychological can be translated as .The word numbing can be interpreted as in Chinese language which means apathetic and callous. Therefore, the term can be translated as . 16. Delayed Referral Delayed means something happened latter than expected. Referral refers to the transference of a patient from one clinician to another. In the context, delayed means the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder which may occur latter than expected after the traumatic event. Delayed here can be translated as which means postponement and referral can be interpreted as . Therefore, Delayed Referral can then translated as .Article Three Neuroimaging and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 17. Extinction Recall The word extinction means something that is extinguished and disappeared and recall refers to recollection. In the context, the term means the symptom of intrusive recollection of the terrible scenes undergo by the patients who suffer posttraumatic stress disorder. They develop hallucination in brain and experience the scene as if it were happening again. Therefore, the term can be translated as in Chinese language in which the word means again and again, and refers to experiencing and suffering.18. White Noise The word white means albus literally, but in the context, the word has another connation. Actually the word white in the article means the noise that can cover the disturbing sound and it is beneficial to human body. Thus the term in the article can be translated as . The term means not being disturbing and refers to noise. 19. Flashback Intensity Flashback means a vivid and sudden and recurrent memory of a past experience. In the context of the article, the term refers to a recurring and lively image of traumatic experience happened in the past.The intrusive memory is so lively that the patient who suffers posttraumatic stress disorder often recognizes the memory as something that is occurring in the real time. Therefore, the term flashback intensity can be translated as . The character means memory, the term refers to flashback and means intensity. 20. Concomitant Dissociative Responses Concomitant means existing at the same time and it can be translated as . The word dissociative refers to separate and it can be interpreted as . The word response means reaction and it can be concisely translated as .In the context, the term means reactions that coexi st with posttraumatic stress disorder. As a result, the term can be translated as . Conclusion The medical terms are different from the terms used in daily life and it is characterized by its academic accuracy and conciseness. The translation of the medical terms should not only be a linguistic conversion between two languages, but also be a product in a specific context. English, as an international language, absorbed a large number of Greek and Latin roots and affixes. A good understanding of the roots and affixes is crucial in translating medical terms.By analyzing the literal meaning and the context, the terms can be translated by adopting the strategy of transliteration and paraphrasing. Bibliography Baidu Encyclopeida. http//www. baidu. com/ Collin Cobuild Learners Dictionary Concise Edition. 2001. HarperCollins Publishers. Homepage of The Free Dictionary by Farlex. http//www. thefreedictionary. com/ Hudong Encyclopedia. http//xinjiancitiao. hudong. com/ Haici Dictionary. htt p//dict. cn/ Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese Dictionary 1988 2004. Oxford University Press The Commercial Press. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Main_Page.