Monday, September 30, 2019

Criminal Recidivism Essay

Prisons today are overcrowded and are a growing problem in today’s society. â€Å"In 2008, the Pew Center on the States reported that incarceration levels had risen to a point where one in 100 American adults was behind bars. A second Pew study, the following year, added another disturbing dimension to the picture, revealing that one in 31 adults in the United States was either incarcerated or on probation or parole† (Pew Center on the States, 2011). It is very costly for the states to maintain the prisoners behind bars. It has been estimated that the cost of state spending on corrections is 52 billion dollars. Recidivism is a term used by law enforcement agencies that describes the tendency to relapse into criminal behavior. It involves a person being re-incarcerated or re-offending. â€Å"Inmates returning to state prisons within three years of release has remained steady for more than a decade; this is a strong indicator that prison systems are failing to deter criminals from re-offending. Using data from 41 states for prisoners released, â€Å"a study done by the Pew Center on the States found that slightly more than 4 in 10 offenders return to prison within three years† (Johnson, 2011). What has caused this rise in recidivism can be due to more studies being done, tracking recidivism more closely, and failure of prison systems/probation programs to rehabilitate inmates. â€Å"Prisons serve multiple purposes, including exacting retribution for breaking the law, separating offenders from society so they cannot commit more crimes, deterring the general population from committing crimes and discouraging incarcerated offenders from committing new crimes once they are released† (Pew Center on the States, 2011). One priority of prisons is to deter criminal activity through incarceration and rehabilitation of its criminals. One way to track rehabilitation of the criminals is by tracking the recidivism rates. This study includes data of prisoners released in 1999 and prisoners released in 2004. Thirty-one states offered data for 1999 and 41 states offered data for 2004. â€Å"The Pew/ASCA survey found the three-year return-to-prison rate for inmates released in 1999 to be 45. 4 percent, and 43. percent for those released in 2004† (2011). This study began its study by sending out surveys to all 50 states. â€Å"A self-selected survey or voluntary response survey is one in which people decide for themselves whether to be included in the survey† (Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2009, p. 37). Each prison facility decided whether they would be included in the study and they submitted information to the Pew Center of the States. Qualitative data was used to put values on the measurements. The process of binning was used to categorize the prisoners into three groups, which consisted of first release, all releases, return for new convictions, and return for violation of probation. â€Å"The relative frequency of any category is the proportion or percentage of the data values that fall in that category† (Bennett, et. al. , 2009, p. 94). They set up relative frequency tables to determine how many times the prisoners fell under the categories or bins. They used mean, median, and mode to get averages of prisoners released and re-offending. There were some outliers in the studies. Outliers are defined as â€Å"a value that is much higher or much lower than almost all other values† (Bennett, et. al. , 2009, p. 149). â€Å"State departments of correction reported on people who returned to one of their facilities, which would not count a former offender who was incarcerated in another state or depending on proximity to high-crime areas in neighboring states or major interstate drug corridors† (Johnson, 2011). The Pew Center of the States analyzed the data and concluded that by 2002, more than 45% in the first wave of releases returned to prison and in 2007, about 43% of the second group returned† (Johnson, 2011). They came up with these percentiles by looking at the total number of inmates released from each prison for each state and how many were re-incarcerated for new crimes or violation of probation. â€Å"One can approximate the percentile of any data value with the following formula: percentile of data value =number of values less than this data value/total number of values in data set† (Bennet, t. al. , 2009, p. 170). â€Å"At least 95 percent of inmates in America ultimately will be released and returned to the community. Keeping them crime and drug-free is no easy assignment. Many offenders lacked education, work experience, family support and a stable living situation before they were incarcerated, and many suffer from mental illness or a history of addiction† (The Pews Center of the states, 2011). Many also have the stigma that comes with having a criminal record and are unable to find work, so they resort back to robbery or stealing. Many times the released prisoners go back to hanging out with their old friends and then it is not long before they fall back into their old habits. In addition, the probation/parole divisions that are supposed to supervise the former inmates are overworked, have large caseloads, and limited technology to keep up with the former inmates.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Trust Issues Found on Family Trip

My parents and I had been looking forward to our trip for seeks and everything Just seemed precisely planned and made us all excited as the days got closer. That to me was what it meant when you had a family trip, to me It was a time where you get excited to be together and work on building this bond that you all have and just enjoy each other's company. You start counting days down and get hyped up wanting adjust be at that one place where you know a new level of family love can be found.You realize that in this place is where any problems can be forgotten even If Just for a temporary time and that you can find new adventure amongst the simplest spot with the most beloved people in your life. However sometimes moments can change and become ones that will affect you for possibly the rest of your life, this is unknowingly what was in store for my family and l. Hernandez 2 Wanting to stay with my Aunt and uncle who live in Arizona, my parents and I went for New Years expecting a fun fa mily time.Unexpectedly my father's grandmother ended up passing away so amongst our trip he decided to stay back for her funeral. Arguing back and forth about what to do occurred with the end result being that my father would stay behind to later come up to Arizona and take us back home at the end of the stay. Unfortunately as time went on through the week my parents continuously fought over the phone to the point where my father told my mother he no longer wanted to be with her. This shocked me as I wanted my parents to be together forever, I did not want them to end and I definitely did not want my family to split up.My mother certainly did not want that so she got my father to be calm enough to agree that when he came down to Arizona they should in person actually talk things through. The day had later finally come where my father was now with us and my mother wanted to have a thorough conversation with him. Being only 13 at the time I was still young and thought well they can wo rk it out I know they can, they always work their problems out, so there is no way they will break up. However I was so wrong, hearing the words that my father spoke to my mother truly broke my heart.Saying he no longer loved her and he couldn't be with her honestly shook me to my core, I Just could not believe that right before my eyes I was seeing my parent's 1 OFF and that I knew he loved my mother. Being young I could not have imagined the real reason behind his words that ended up feeling like a knife in our family back. Believing my father's words I simply believed that he had fallen out of love with my mother. I did not like it but no matter how much I tried to change my father's mind he would not budge. Therefore, I saw that I had no say in the matter at all that really what I wanted did not nor Hernandez 3 would it ever matter.In having no choice in the matter I felt heart broken, my family was simply slipping through my fingers. Being only 13, still so young I would have n ever imagined that behind my father's words were lies and the fact that he had cheated on my mother. Honestly he became someone different to me at this moment, e was like a stranger, definitely not the father I once was close with. Within finding out this information I lost all respect for my father and faith that relationships last, even in the belief that families can really always remain together.Saying that my trust in people had changed was an understatement, I had went from trusting my father was a great guy to not being able to believe a word he said. In seeing how easily my father could hurt my mother and Just leave his family made me think if he could do that then why wouldn't someone else I love do that. I began to think that all people especially men were liars and cheaters. I felt that I wouldn't be able to trust again and I wouldn't be able to fall in love or have a family of my own.My thoughts were that two people making promises to love one another for the rest of the ir lives was Just nothing but a lie. My ability to trust had been completely broken, but within this I also felt abandoned by the one man who had said he would always be there. My father had lied and in thinking he was Just leaving my mother had left me too, so I believed that was what all men were capable of. I felt that if I gave anyone the lightest ounce of my trust that I would Just get hurt again and being heartbroken was not a feeling I wanted to go through yet again in my life.An apology was never even heard through any of it by my father so I Just assumed he didn't care at all. It wasn't until going to a therapist and actually talking my feelings out happened that I heard an apology. In hearing that years later at the age of 17 was when I began to realize that no matter what I wish would have happened or wished I could have changed, it Hernandez 4 would never be different. My parents would never be together again and my father loud never undo the hurt he had caused and the a nger I had felt towards him.No matter how much I wanted my father to be the same guy I had always looked up to he wouldn't because I had lost my respect for him and my trust in him. Losing my trust in him was one of the hardest things to deal with, but I knew I still loved my father and over time I wanted to be able to have a relationship with him again. In realizing this I saw that I had to move forward in my life and forget the past in order to work at rebuilding my trust not Just within my father but in people in general. That I had to let go of my hurt and anger towards my father in order to have the chance at that new relationship.In simply wanting this I knew that looking to the future was the only option no matter how much my past had changed me, therefore the past had to remain in the past. I had to mature and be happy moving on and enjoying my life, There you have it a family trip turned into a moment that split a family a part and caused trust issues along with so much hur t and anger. It went from being about relaxation to uncovering lies and deceit in someone who was so beloved to me. Having my trust broken and questioning relationships made me believe I would never be happy.Over time however, I was able to realize that the past had to stay in the past, that I had to only look forward to the future. I knew I wanted to be happy and regain my sense of trust, so slowly piece by piece that has been able to begin to be rebuilt. I still do have issues that I know will take more time to fix, but at least now all I really look forward to is having a bright, happy future. One where hopefully my relationship with my father can change and be Just as good as it used to be before the New Year's trip we had went wrong.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Arithmetic Mean and Five-step P-value Approach

A manufacturer of chocolate candies uses machines to package candies as they move along a filling line. Although the packages are labeled as 8 ounces, the company wants the packages to contain a mean of 8. 17 ounces so that virtually none of the packages contain less than 8 ounces. A sample of 50 packages is selected periodically, and the packaging process is stopped if there is evidence that the mean amount packaged is different from 8. 17 ounces. Suppose that in a particular of 50 packages, the mean amount dispensed is 8. 159 ounces, with a sample standard deviation of 0. 051 A. Is there evidence that the population mean amount is different from 8. 17 ounces? (Use a 0. 05 level of significance. ) B. Determine the p-value and interpret its meaning. 9. 27 In New York State, savings banks are permitted to sell a form of life insurance called savings bank life insurance (SLBI). The approval process consists of underwriting, which includes a review of the application, a medical information bureau check, possible requests for additional medical information and medical exams, and a policy complication stage in which the policy pages are generated and sent to the bank for delivery. The ability to deliver approved policies to customers in a timely manner is critical to the profitability of this service. During a period of one month, a random sample of 27 approved policies is selected, and the total processing time, in days, is recorded (and stored in insurance): 73 19 16 28 31 56 45 17 22 18 91 92 50 51 69 A. In the past, the mean processing time was 45 days. At the 0. 05 level of significance, is there evidence that the mean processing time had changed from 45 days? B. What assumption about the population distribution is needed in order to conduct the t test in (a)? C. Construct a boxplot or a normal probability plot to evaluate the assumption made in (b). D. Do you think that the assumption needed in order to conduct the t test in (a) is valid? Explain. 93. 1 One operation of a steel mill is to cut pieces of steel into parts that are used in the same frame for front seats in an automobile. The steel is cut with a diamond saw and requires the resulting parts must be cut within Ð’Â ± 0. 005 inch of the length specified by the automobile company. The file Steel contains a sample of 100 steel parts. The measurement reported is the difference, in inches, between the actual length of the teel part, as measured by a laser measurement device, and the specified length of the steel part. For example, a value of -0. 002 represents a steel part that is 0. 002 inch shorter than the specified length. A. At the 0. 05 level of significance, is there evidence that the mean difference is not equal to 0. 0 inches? B. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the population mean, Interpret this interval. C. Compare the conclusions reached in (a) and (b). D. Because n= 100, do you have to be concerned about the normally assumption needed for the t test and t interval? 9. 45 In recent year, the Federal Communications Commission reported that the mean wait for repairs for ATT customers was 25. 3 hours. In an effort to improve this service, suppose that a new repair service process was developed. This new process, used for a sample of 100 repairs, resulted in a sample mean of 22. 3 hours and a sample standard deviation of 8. 3 hours. A. Is there evidence that the population mean amount is less than 25. 3 hours? (Use a 0. 05 level of significance. ) B. Determine the p- value and interpret its meaning. 9. 47 You are the manager ot a restaurant that delivers pizza to college dormitory rooms. You have Just changed your delivery process in an effort to reduce the mean time between the order and completion of delivery from the current 25 minutes. A sample mean of 22. 4 minutes and a sample standard deviation of 6 minutes. A. Using the six- step critical value approach, at the 0. 05 level of significance, is there evidence that the population mean delivery time value of 25 minutes? B. At the 0. 05 level of significance, use the five-step p-value approach? C. Interpret the meaning of the p- value in (b). D. Compare your conclusions in (a) and (b). 9. 53 The U. S. Department of Education reports that 46% of full-time college students are employed while attending college (data extracted from The Condition of Education 2009, National Center for Education Statistics, nces. ed. gov). A recent survey of 60 full-time students at Miami University found that 29 were employed. A. Use the five- step p-value approach to hypothesis testing and a 0. 05 level of significance to determine whether the proportion of full-time students at Miami University is different that the national norm of 0. 6. B. Assume that the study found that 36 of the 60 full-time students were employed and repeat (a). Are the conclusions the same? 9. 55 One of the issues facing organizations is increasing diversity throughout the organization. One of the ways to evaluate an organizations success at increasing diversity is to compare the percentage of employees in the organization in a particular position with a specific background to the percentage in a position with that specific background in the general workforce. Recently, a large academic medical center determined that 9 of 17 employees in a particular position were female, whereas 55% of the employees for this position in the general workforce were female. At the 0. 05 level of significance, is there evidence that the proportion of females in this position at this medical center is different from what would be expected in the general workforce? 9. 57 One of the biggest issues facing e-retailers is the ability to reduce the proportion of customers who cancel their transaction after they have selected their products. It has been estimated that about half of prospective customers cancel their transactions after they have selected their products (data extracted from B. Tedeschi, E- Commerce, a Cure for Abandoned Shopping Carts: A Web Checkout System That Eliminates the Need for Multiple Screens, The New York Times, February 14, 2005, p. C3). Suppose that a company changed its Web site so that customers could use a single page checkout process rather than multiple pages. A sample of 500 customers who had selected their products were provided with the new checkout system.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Transnational Segmentation - the Way Forward Essay

Transnational Segmentation - the Way Forward - Essay Example There can be shifts within the industry which alter the marketing strategies. These, in turn, would alter the segmentation process, the targeting of the market and the product positioning. There are various strategies being used by firms wanting to expand overseas. A global strategy treats the world as a single market whereas localized approach takes into account the local opportunities in forming the strategy. Base on the various literature available, it would be determined that transnational segmentation is not the way forward for firms wanting to expand overseas. A standardized approach can be adopted but each market segment would need a standardized strategy and cater to different market segments there can be several global strategies. Besides, the same standardized approach cannot be applicable for all types of goods and in all types of markets. The optimal marketing strategy would be to take into account targeting and positioning across international boundaries. To derive benefits, firms have been showing interest in global marketing which implies an integrated and global marketing approach (Guerini, 2006). To survive in the face of price wars, competition, and high-quality product/services, they are looking for something radical that could transform the way business could be done. Marketers have been debating whether to pursue a global versus a localized approach to international marketing. Traditional orientations of marketing are being replaced by transnational market similarities. This paper builds on the view that firms are trying to segment the countries according to similar characteristics but marketers realize that to be successful in international market local adaptation is necessary.

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Research a contemporary church community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Research a contemporary church community - Essay Example This paper will look at the Hutterites while assessing their organization, leadership structure, venue and time of church meetings, their religious rituals, their theological teachings, and their ethical values. It will also look at the most attractive features of the community’s life and the aspects that would be most challenging. In all Hutterite churches, the church is organized in a group referred to as the Zullbrieder. It is made up of the spiritual leader and an advisory board comprised of a farm manager, two or three witness brothers, and the colony manager. The spiritual leader or minister also holds the title of the chief executive. The spiritual leader together with an advisory board makes the everyday decisions of the church. The spiritual leader’s responsibilities entail disciplining members of the church, undertaking church sermons, funerals, baptisms, and marriages. The church’s advisory board is made up of the farm manager, two or three witness brothers, and the colony manager who are selected for their entire life. The advisory board carries out the responsibilities of the directors or the board of trustees of the church organization. The duties of the church leaders are guided by the congregation (Hostetler 23). The witness brothers are also employed in the colony to handle a sec tion of the colony’s abundant duties. The spiritual leader’s companion at times is holds the position of a tailor. Therefore, she takes part in customary duties, for example choosing and buying fabrics, cooking, and medical decisions. All the church leadership positions are regarded as elective positions and a number of decisions are presented to a vote prior to their implementation. The decision-making and voting procedure is mostly based on a two-tier arrangement. It comprises a council, which is made up of seven

Segmentation targeting positioning (STP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Segmentation targeting positioning (STP) - Essay Example A company should consider that it is challenging to meet the needs of every customer. Therefore, it should fashion a product that may partly cover the needs of the customers if not all. It is somehow dodgy because many customers prefer goods or services that cover their needs wholly (Kotler, 2010). This might result in poor sales of the goods or services. Targeting markets is significant because the company is able to identify the information it had missed about the product. Through this, the company is able to identify would-be customers who would buy the product. The company is able to realize areas to improve on to realize more profit. According to Nykiel (2007), a company should guarantee that its product is distributed to places that it can endure competition. This can be achieved through intense thoughtfulness of the customers’ preferences. A company should consider that customers are influenced by different factors. There are those who are focused on taste and lifestyle while others observe their religious inclination. It is therefore indispensable for a company to choose places that will favor their products in terms of customers needs (Capon, 2009). For any company to survive antagonism in the market, it should consider apposite segmentation. This will guarantee that the company target all potential customers and maximize its proceeds. Although it is not possible to gather all the needs of every purchaser, the company should surface with strategies that will gratify the needs of every customer partly, if not

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Suez Canal Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Suez Canal Crisis - Research Paper Example This canal is not a natural one; it was constructed in 1869 in order to transport goods from Europe and Asia. Earlier the goods transportation between Europe and Africa was extremely difficult since the transportation ships forced to navigate around Africa to reach Europe from Asia. The construction of Suez Canal made the transportation of good between these two regions easier. Suez Canal crisis occurred in 1956 when a war broke out between France, Britain, and Israel against Egypt. The invasion of Egypt by Israel caused problems in the good transportation between Asia and Europe which forced Britain and France to issue a joint ultimatum to the concerning parties; Egypt and Israel. They started to bomb Egypt shortly after the ultimatum given which is believed to be a preplanned attack with the knowledge of Israel. This paper analyses the various dimensions of the Suez Canal crisis developed in 1956 with the help of topic such as the relationships between Israel and Egypt, relationshi ps between Eden and Nasser, the effects of cold war, history of Suez canal etc. Historically, the relationship between Egypt and Israel remains a strained one. Bible has many references for the strained relationships between Israel and Egypt. It is difficult for these two countries to establish strong relationships in future also because of their immense differences in culture and religious beliefs. Jews perceive Arabs as their enemies and their enmity started long time back. Most of the years of the twentieth century, Egypt was ruled by Britain. Egyptians were second class citizens in their home land during the colonial rule of Britain which developed dissatisfaction against the British among the Egyptian public. Violence against the British started to grow in Egypt as a result of their protest against colonial rule. British Prime Minister Antony Eden tried to deal this violence by increasing the number of British troops in Egypt. Nasser responded to Eden’s efforts by formin g a Revolutionary Command Council in Egypt. It was difficult for Britain to bear the huge cost of military operations in Egypt because of the financial problems developed in Britain during this period. The relationship between President Nasser and Prime Minister Antony Eden was not so good during the Suez Canal crisis period. They met each other in 1955 in Cairo in order to rectify the problems between them; however neither of them trusted each other and the strained relationship continued even after the meeting. Eden tried to force Nasser from establishing a strong relationship with the communist Soviet Union. He also urged Nasser to stop anti-British radio broadcasts. However, Eden failed to get a positive response from Nasser on both the issues. â€Å"Even the dinner put on for Nasser at the British Embassy was a failure as Nasser arrived in military uniform to be greeted by Eden in full evening dress†2. Nasser treated Eden’s efforts as a deliberate attempt to humil iate him and whatever the positives derived out of this meeting was destroyed because of this incident. Britain forced to end their colonial rule in Egypt and Egypt became an independent state in 1953 even though British presence continued till 1956. Nasser became the president of Egypt in 1954. The nationalization of Suez Canal was the immediate action taken by Nasser after assuming the president’s post which resulted in the Suez Canal crisis of 1956. History of Suez Canal As mentioned earlier, Suez Canal was

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film - Essay Example On an armed exploration around the colony, John Smith was captured by the natives and brought to the leader where he was sentenced to die. The chief’s daughter spared John Smith’s life on chief’s command that he would live with them. This is the way to observe him to know the plan of the colony. The chief also asked him to command the colony to leave in the spring. When they did not leave, the natives attacked the colony. The story presented a view of the events that occurred during the time when the United States is in the early stage of colonization by the English people. This is significant in determining the different issues that occurred during that time. One is the differences in culture. The English people have the main objective of colonizing the land due to their need to find a place where they can have a new beginning, a simpler and less complicated life. Thus, even in the beginning then, they have the motive of staying in the land. On the other hand, t he natives who are innocent in nature and without sense of ownership and envy welcomed the English people on the premise that they would leave after some period of time. But when it did not happen, the conflict occurred. The story is historically significant on the basis that it presented it showed the scenario in a land that is colonized.

Monday, September 23, 2019

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

Education - Essay Example This means that students relying on these programs lag behind in terms of technological proficiency and are not able to compete for jobs with their counterparts from other schools (Ross, 2006). Another concern rises from the curriculum’s dependence on theoretical approaches to concepts taught in science classes. Currently, practical examinations contribute very little to the final grades of students. This has made most students to concentrate more on their theoretical studies at the expense of practical studies. There is also need for inclusion of critical co-curricular activities to ensure that students develop to their full potential. While there is need to emphasize on academic success, this should not be achieved at the expense of co-curricular activities such as music and drama (Stark & Lattuca, 2013). Having raised these concerns, I believe the following changes can be important in improving the curriculum. One of the changes relates with aligning the curriculum to ensure that it emphasizes more on analytical thinking skills required at workplace. Science courses at the school should emphasize on science practices. This can be achieved through increasing the percentage contribution of practical examinations to the final grades of students while increasing practical classes (Stark & Lattuca, 2013). There is also need to increase the minimum requirement for entry into mathematics courses in the school to ensure that students who enroll in these courses are able to complete them. This will not only reduce the number of dropouts but also ensure that students graduating from the school have the required standards of mathematical knowledge. The curriculum should further be adjusted such that more emphasis is put on applications of mathematical concepts rather than just learning the concepts in class. Technology programs should also be reviewed to ensure that they equip students with the

Saturday, September 21, 2019

How Practitioners Can Take Steps Essay Example for Free

How Practitioners Can Take Steps Essay h)Explain how practitioners can take steps to protect themselves within their everyday practice in the work setting and on off-site visits. A significant element of a practitioner’s role in protecting themselves would be to read policies and procedures that are put in place to safeguard them and children or young people in their care. In a school setting a professional can protect themselves by. All staff in schools should ensure that their relationships with pupils are appropriate to the age, gender, disability and ethnic origin of the pupils, taking care that their conduct does not give rise to comment or speculation. Attitudes, demeanour and language all require care and thought, particularly when staff of either sex are dealing with adolescent boys and girls. Dress and Appearance :A person’s dress and appearance are matters of personal choice and selfexpression. However it is necessary and wise for staff to consider the manner of dress and appearance appropriate to their professional role, as opposed to that which may be adopted in their personal life. Dress and Appearance A person’s dress and appearance are matters of personal choice and selfexpression. However it is necessary and wise for staff to consider the manner of dress and appearance appropriate to their professional role, as opposed to that which may be adopted in their personal life. Physical Contact Gratuitous physical contact with pupils : A pupil, parent or observer may misconstrue physical contact. Such contact can include well intentional informal and formal gestures such as putting a hand on the shoulder or arm, which if repeated with an individual pupil could lead to serious questions being raised. Therefore, as a general principle, employees must not make gratuitous physical contact with pupils and it is unwise to attribute touching to their style or as a way of relating to pupils. Repeated physical contact with a pupil may be unprofessional and may lead to disciplinary procedures or an allegation of physical/sexual abuse. Any form of physical punishment of pupils is unlawful, as is any form of physical response to misbehaviour unless it is by way of restraint. It is particularly important that staff understand this, to protect their own position and the overall reputation of the school. Where physical contact may be acceptable: There may be, especially with younger child ren, occasions  where a distressed pupil needs comfort and reassurance, which may include physical comforting. Such reassurance could for example, involve an arm around the shoulder or a comforting hug. Employees should use their discretion in such cases to ensure that what is, and what is seen to be by others present, normal and natural does not become unnecessary contact, particularly with the same pupil over a period of time. Where an employee has a particular concern about the need to provide this type of care and reassurance he/she should seek the advice of the Head. It is clear that those working with infants and young children have quite a different role to play from those involved with secondary school age or maturing children in primary/secondary/special schools. Some young children may need a great deal of comfort and support to help them deal with day-to-day experiences in school life. Caring for Pupils with Particular Problems : All children have a right to safety, privacy and dignity when contact of an intimate nature is required (for example assisting with toileting or removing wet/soiled clothing). A care plan should be drawn up and agreed with parents for all children who require intimate care on a regular basis. Children should be encouraged to act as independently as possible and to undertake as much of their own personal care as is practicable. When assistance is required, staff should ensure that another appropriate adult is in the vicinity and is aware of the task to be undertaken. First Aid and Administration of Medication: When administering first aid, staff should ensure that another adult is present, or aware of the action being taken, whenever possible. Parents should always be informed when first aid has been administered. Pupils may need medication during school hours. In circumstances where children need medication regularly, a health care plan should be drawn up to ensure the safety and protection of pupils and staff. With the permission of parents, the children should be encouraged to administer the medication themselves. If a member of staff is concerned or uncertain about the amount or type of medication being given to a pupil, this should be discussed with the appropriate senior colleague at the earliest opportunity. See DOH/.DfES Guijdance: First Aid for Schools Private meetings with pupils: Teacher should be aware of the dangers that may arise from private interviews with individual pupils. It is recognised that there will be occasions when confidential interviews must take place but, where possible, such interviews  should be conducted in a room with visual access, or with the door open, or in a room or area which is likely to be frequented by other people. In their dealings with pupils at school, staff need to be aware that their actions may be misinterpreted. Acts of favouritism should be guarded against, for instance, giving a pupil an unreasonable amount of private individual attention. Giving a pupil regular lifts home is not a sensible course of action. Infatuation: Staff need to be aware that pupils can be strongly attracted to a member of staff and may develop a heterosexual or homosexual infatuation. All situations should be responded to sensitively to maintain the dignity of all concerned. Staff should also be aware that such circumstances always carry a high risk of words or actions being misinterpreted and for allegations to be made against staff. A member of staff who becomes aware that a pupil may have developed an infatuation (on themselves or a colleague), should discuss this at the earliest opportunity with a senior colleague so that appropriate action can be taken where necessary. In this way, steps can be taken to avoid hurt and distress for all concerned. Staff need to be aware that it is not uncommon for a pupil to develop an infatuation on a member of staff. Curriculum: The curriculum can sometimes include or lead to unplanned discussion about subject matter which is sexually explicit, or of an otherwise sensitive nature. Responding to pupils’ questions can require careful judgement and staff may wish to take guidance in these circumstances. Educational Visits and Extra Curricular Activities All staff should be particularly careful when supervising pupils in a residential setting such as a field study trip or other extended visits away from home. Similarly the less formal approach perhaps adopted in extra curricular activities generally might be open to misinterpretation. Although more informal relationships in such circumstances tend to be usual, the standard of behaviour expected of staff will be no different from the behaviour expected within schools. Young people are entitled to respect and privacy when changing clothes or taking a shower. However, there needs to be a required level of supervision to safeguard young people and satisfy health and safety considerations and to ensure that bullying or teasing does not occur. The supervision will need to be appropriate to the needs and age of  the young people concerned. In certain situations staff or volunteers may be required to transport children. Given the potential risks, a designated member of staff should be appointed to plan and provide oversight of all transporting arrangements and respond to any difficulties that may arise. Wherever possible and practicable it is advisable that transport is undertaken other than in private vehicles, with at least one adult acting as an escort. Staff should ensure that their behaviour is safe and that the transport arrangements and the vehicle meet all legal requirements. They should ensure that the vehicle is roadworthy and that the maximum capacity is not exceeded. http://www.merton.gov.uk/council/pdf-developingsafeworkingpractices.pdf

Friday, September 20, 2019

The Theories Of The New World Order

The Theories Of The New World Order Originally, the term conspiracy theory was used to describe any claim of civil, criminal or political conspiracy. However, it has come almost exclusively to refer to any fringe theory which explains a historical or current event as the result of a secret plot by conspirators of almost superhuman power and cunning. To conspire means to join in a secret agreement to do an unlawful or wrongful act or to use such means to accomplish a lawful end. The term conspiracy theory is frequently used by scholars and in popular culture to identify secret military, banking, or political actions aimed at stealing power, money, or freedom, from the people. A conspiracy theory can be argued as an alternative to the official or mainstream story of events. But if one were to look into conspiracy theories today, they will largely find that thinking about a conspiracy is associated with lunacy and paranoia. Some websites suggest it as an illness. I find it very strange as some of the greatest discoveries of all time were initially received as blasphemous conspiracy theories think of the revelation that the earth was not the center of the universe, or that the world was not flat but actually round. Novus Ordo Seclorum New World Order For decades, the New World Order has been a prominent conspiracy theory. The Oxford English Dictionary defines New World Order as: A new or alternative model of social organization, interaction, or control; (Polit.) a new balance of power among nations, sometimes as manifested in arrangements established internationally for preserving political stability; esp. (in recent use) the state of global politics and the global economy following the end of the Cold War. According to Wikipedia: In conspiracy theory, the term New World Order or NWO refers to the emergence of a bureaucratic collectivist one-world government. It is a worldwide conspiracy being devised by a group of extremely influential individuals, including many of the worlds wealthiest people, top political leaders and corporate elite, whose goal is to create a one-world fascist government, stripped of nationalistic and regional boundaries, obedient to their agenda. The elite of this group are united primarily by Satanism, Luciferianism or Spirit Worship. In truth, I believe, it is something far more sinister than what we are made to believe. In his documentary, End Game, Alex Jones has tried to explain that for the New World Order, a world government is just the beginning. Jones has researched on the global elites bloody rise to power, how they are behind the bloodiest of wars, the dictatorships, the tyrannies and the revolutions. From Islamic point of view, this idea of a New World Order is somewhat similar to that of the age of Dajjal. One which is ruled by confusion, tyranny and trials for Muslims. New World Order An Overview: Zionist banker Paul Warburg said: We will have a world government whether you like it or not. The only question is whether that government will be achieved by conquest or consent. (February 17, 1950, as he testified before the US Senate). In 1992, Dr. John Coleman, an analyst of world affairs, identifies the New World Order agenda of world control as: A One World Government and one-unit monetary system, under permanent non-elected hereditary oligarchists who self-select from among their numbers in the form of a feudal system as it was in the Middle Ages. In this One World entity, population will be limited by restrictions on the number of children per family, diseases, wars, famines, until 1 billion people who are useful to the ruling class, in areas which will be strictly and clearly defined, remain as the total world population. There will be no middle class, only rulers and the servants. All laws will be uniform under a legal system of world courts practicing the same unified code of laws, backed up by a One World Government police force and a One World unified military to enforce laws in all former countries where no national boundaries shall exist. The system will be on the basis of a welfare state; those who are obedient and subservient to the One World Government will be rewarded with the means to live; those who are rebellious will simply be starved to death or be declared outlaws, thus a target for anyone who wishes to kill them. Privately owned firearms or weapons of any kind will be prohibited. (Conspirators Hierarchy: The Story of the Committee of 300, pg 161) In the preface to his book Descent into Tyranny, Alex Jones states that the New World Order system of world conquest has always been visible but it is so hulking and massive that it has remained hidden in plain sight: One of the most common pre-conditioned responses I hear from the average compartmentalized individual is that there couldnt be a society of people working for world government. Those in denial proclaim, Its too bigà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it would unravelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they couldnt keep it hiddenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The globalists plan is so far along that now they must admit that world government is a reality. Their propagandists are hailing the New World Order as the only system that will keep us safe and secure. In reality it is the world government itself which is conducting the terrorist acts. The Illuminati is the oldest term commonly used to refer to the 13 bloodline families that make up the core of these elite, the perpetrators of the New World Order, also believed to be Freemasons. In 1776, Dr. Adam Weishaupt founded the Bavarian Illuminati, a secret society modeled on Freemasonry, an Order of Masons, descendants of the Knights Templers, who called themselves The Illuminated, whose initial aim was to abolish Christianity and overturn all civil government. Writers such as David Icke believe that the Illuminati survived and are still manipulating world events by infiltrating powerful governments of the world. The great strength of our Order ties in its concealment; let it never appear in anyplace in its own name, but always covered by another name, and another occupation. Adam Weishaupt Using their covert methods, they drove the people into conflict and war, fully realizing the potential of the divide and rule policy, profiting from the sale of arms in the process. Wars also served other purposes for them, like making the people easier to control and influence because in times of turmoil, people turn to their kings for protection. From the shadows they have engineered every major war, revolution and recession. They control everything you read, everything you hear and everything you see. They have managed to indoctrinate an entire populace to their way of thinking and have infiltrated key positions in places of authority and it is from the shadows they have created a new political order, a new economic order and most sinister a new religious order. Their ultimate aim is total global domination and they will stop at nothing to reach their goal. The goal that was outlined in a speech given by a former President of the United States, George Bush What is at stake is more than one small country it is a big idea a New World Order. Contrary to popular belief, the term New World Order was not coined by George Bush. It is an ancient plan of the secret and occult societies of the world. The illuminati are interconnected families who believe Lucifer is their spiritual father and they do his bidding. They plan their diabolical agenda through societies like the Freemasons, Bilderbergs, Zionists etc, never revealing themselves, always remaining behind the veil. Famous families believed to be members of this occult society include names like the Rockefellers, Rothschild and Vanderbilt families. The goal of the Illuminati is to destroy all governments and religions to bring the world under their own control. That is the central idea of the New World Order. The agenda is to have one world government with the biblical Antichrist as the ultimate world leader. The reach of these people stretches through all areas of society, from the production of food and medicine, to governments, banking institutions, entertainment, and what not. All major world events are carefully planned and carried out by them. World events that most people see as chance or coincidence are actually a deliberate plan to disempower people and gain more control. For example, the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Almost the whole world knows by now, that the 9/11 attacks were not what they were made to appear. But still people are skeptic about the existence of secret societies and their involvement in major world events. The reason for this is that they have been programmed or brainwashed to react this way to these claims. What we believe to be public opinion is in fact carefully shaped and scripted propaganda designed to elicit a desired behavioral response from the masses. What influences our opinion the most? The media! And who controls the media other than the global elite. O f course they use it for their own agendas. The NWOs Role in Shaping History: Most of the major wars, political upheavals, economic depressions, recessions of the past centuries were carefully mapped out and prompted by these elites. Both the World Wars, the Great Depression, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the fall of the Soviet Union, the Iraq War and the French Revolution are examples of major events orchestrated by the elements of the New World Order, shaping the course of history. The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia was the work of Jewish planning and Jewish dissatisfaction. Our Plan is to have a New world Order. What worked so wonderfully in Russia, is going to become reality for the whole world. The American Hebrew Magazine, 10, Sept. 1920 The Rothschilds financed the American Revolution. Their aim was to strengthen their hand against the King of England. That is why Freemasonry is so central to American history. When their agents got control of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board in 1913, they immediately began preparations for war. Armed with American wealth, they triggered World War I. They deluded the peace-loving Americans into the war by sinking the Lusitania. They were also able to subdue their long-term nemesis, Imperial Russia, by creating the Soviet Union. World War II was staged for several reasons: to reduce the worlds population, to gain profits and to scare the Jews out of Europe and into Palestine. At the end of World War II, the Masonic group tried to cement their control of the world by creating the United Nations. At the time, they controlled all 5 permanent Security Council members. They have since lost China and Russia. In America, the Rockefellers and their fellow barons began a long-term program to complete their enslavement of the American people. They quietly and systematically gained control of the media, the text-book publishing companies and, by spreading their wealth liberally and strategically, were able to distort education. How It Works: The NWO global conspirators carry out their agenda through the skilful manipulation of human emotions, especially fear. In the past centuries, they have repeatedly used a mechanism that NWO researcher and author David Icke has characterized in his book The Biggest Secret, as Problem, Reaction Solution. First, they create a problem , mostly by funding, assembling and training an opposition group to stimulate turmoil in an established political power that they wish to invade. In recent decades, the so called opponents are being identified as freedom fighters or liberators by the media, (for example, the most wanted, Taliban). At the same time the leader of the said state or country is vilified, (like the case of Saddam Hussein). The controlled media reports about the horrific atrocities suffered by the innocent civilians at the hands of the tyrants. The NWO puppeteers then provide the solution by sending in UN peace keepers or NATO forces. Once there, these troops never leave. They gain control. The goal is to control all major countries or strategic areas where significant resistance to the New World Order is likely to be encountered. The corporate portion of the NWO pyramid is dominated by international bankers, oil barons and major multinational companies. The United Nations, and all the agencies working under it are full-time players in this scheme. NATO is their military tool. The leaders of all major industrial countries like the United States, England, Germany, France, i.e. the members of the G7, G8 etc. are all active and fully cooperative participants in this conspiracy. The degree of influence exerted by the Illuminati or Freemasons has advanced to the point that only certain hand-picked individuals who are groomed and selected by them are even eligible to become the prime ministers or presidents of countries like the US and UK. Human rights infringements, a planned global economic meltdown, false war on terrorism, false war on global warming, oppressing the supposed terrorists, oppressing the remaining free world, are all part of their duties as heads of states or holders of other key positions in the government. There is a chance for the President of the United States to use this disaster to carry out what his father a phrase his father used I think only once, and it hasnt been used since and that is a new world order- Senator Gary Hart, Council on Foreign Relations meeting, 12 September 2001 Weapons of the New World Order: Historically, the control and manipulation of political opinion has been the main weapon in gaining control of states. The New World Order agents realize that their plan for a world government depends entirely on subduing the masses to their agenda and thus eliminating opposition to their cause. The greatest threat to their plan, greater than any army or law, is the threat of a free thinking mind. In order to eliminate this threat, they have devised plans to completely control every aspect of our lives. Your lives and the weapons they are using against you are in your very homes, entertaining you and gradually indoctrinating you without you even realizing. In todays society people are spending more and more time engaged with modern media. Television, Cinema, Computer Games, The Internet, Popular Fiction and Popular Music are integral part of their lives. Yet these provide a vast expanse on information which you are taking either consciously or subconsciously into your mind. Information on society ranging from ideals and morals and the difference between right and wrong to the way societies and economies should be structured is past before you every single day. The Antichrist/Dajjal cannot arise until and unless this paradigm shift in spiritual values has occurred. A closer look on our society reveals that this shift is in fact, taking place, whether we realize it or not.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Ernie Barnes: Research of the Football Artist Essay -- history

Ernie Barnes: Research of the Football Artist Ernie Barnes was and still is one of the most popular and well-respected black artists today. Born and raised in Durham, North Carolina, in 1938, during the time the south as segregated, Ernie Barnes was not expected to become a famous artist. However, as a young boy, Barnes would, â€Å"often [accompany] his mother to the home of the prominent attorney, Frank Fuller, Jr., where she worked as a [housekeeper]† (Artist Vitae, The Company of Art, 1999). Fuller was able to spark Barnes’ interest in art when he was only seven years old. Fuller told him about the various schools of art, his favorite painters, and the museums he visited (Barnes, 1995, p. 7). Fuller further introduced Barnes to the works of such artists as, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Correggio, which later influenced Barnes’ mannerist style of painting. As a young boy Barnes was â€Å"introverted and shy† (p. 8). He wasn’t able to fight like the other young boys his age, and quickly became a punching bag for bullies. The after school brawls became so severe that Barnes’ mother asked his principal to allow him to leave school fifteen minutes early everyday. After viewing the extent of Barnes’ bruises, the principal had no choice but to comply. On the other hand, once the other children learned that Barnes could draw they no longer laughed and made fun of him, â€Å"They just watched [him draw] in silent awe† (p. 8). When Barnes entered junior high school, he became interested in dating and knew that the only way he could get attention from the girls was to play junior varsity football. Therefore, he joined the team, and was dubbed too sensitive for the game, and later quit the team. However, when Barnes entered high school, he was put on a bodybuilding program, by the high schools weight lifting coach, Mr. Tucker, who showed a genuine interest in Barnes’ drawings. Through Mr. Tucker’s constant encouragement, Barnes was able to reinvent himself, graduating from high school with twenty-six football scholarships, as well as the respect of the community (Artist Vitae, 1999). Before Barnes went to college, at North Carolina College (now North Carolina Central University), he impregnated a young girl and was forced to marry her in order to save face, and his first child was born in 1957. Although Barnes’ marriage was not a successful one, he adored his newbor... ...ers football team. Completes â€Å"A Dream Unfolds†, commission for National Basketball Association commemorating their 50th anniversary. Private commissions (5). Receives Treasure of Los Angeles award, Central City Associatio  · 1998: â€Å"The Advocate† donated by Donna Arnold to North Carolina Central University School of Law. Begins paintings for traveling exhibition, Visual Poem of Human Experience. Private commissions (6).  · 1999: Private commissions (2). Continues to work on paintings for traveling exhibition, Visual Poems of Human Experience (The Company of Art, Chronology 1999). Bibliography Barnes, Ernie (1995). From Pads to Palette. Waco, Texas: WRS Publishing. Huyett, Pat. (2000). Mbembe: High Aspirations [Online]. Available: http://cctr.umkc.edu/~phuyett/mbembe.html [2001, March 19]. The Company of Art. (1999). Artist Vitae [Online]. Available: http://www.erniebarnes.com/bio.html [2001, March 19]. The Company of Art. (1999). Chronology [Online]. Available: http://www.erniebarnes.com/chronology.html [2001, March 19]. The October Gallery. (2000, May 19). About the Artist [Online]. Available: http://www.octobergallery.com/sbarnes.htm [2001, March 19].

A Brief look at the Physiological Basis and Neurological Effect of Brain Tumors :: Biology Essays Research Papers

A Brief look at the Physiological Basis and Neurological Effect of Brain Tumors I've always been interested in medicine, and more specifically, in surgery, but I never really knew which realm of surgery appealed to me the most. So I set out on a quest to find where my future in medicine may lay. I spent time with an orthopedic surgeon and loved the carpentry-like style of the trade, and I spent a week with a general surgeon and watched him fix hernias and cut out moles. But the surgery that struck me the hardest, and the one that I vowed to stay the furthest from, was neurosurgery. The idea of carefully manipulating someone's nervous system in order to give them back the most basic of physical abilities, that of control over one's body, was almost too much to handle. Of all the systems of the body, the nervous system seems to be the most delicate of all. Yet only now, in this class, do I realize the incredible balancing that goes on between so many different components to make the nervous system functional. Furthermore, any alteration to that balance can cause a host of serious problems that could render the nervous system as a whole, or even part of it, completely useless. Tumors are an excellent example of how the balance can be upset, and are one of the most well known of the afflictions to the brain. There are several different kinds of tumors that effect the brain, each is based on what kind or kinds of cells it developed from in the brain. The four main kinds of cells that are effected are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglial. Tumors in each of these cell types are referred to as astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, microgliomas or primary nervous system lymphoma, and ependymomas. Although tumors can arise from these nervous system cells and others, approximately 65% of brain tumors are astrocytomas. The actual cause of any given tumor is difficult if not impossible to determine, but tumors are generally caused by one of or a combination of three things: radiation, chemicals, and viral agents. Tumors can also be caused during mistakes in DNA replication, but this accounts for a smaller incidence of brain tumors. These genetic alterations can often be harmless, resulting in the effected cell dying and being disposed of by the organism. But on occasion, the effected gene is one that is responsible for having a cell lie dormant , oncogenes, or one that is in place to regulate growth, tumor suppresser genes.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Ancient Calendars Essays -- essays research papers

Time Keepers Celestial bodies - the sun, moon, planets, and stars - have provided us a reference for measuring the passage of time throughout human existence. Ancient civilizations like: China, India, Babylon, and Greece relied upon the apparent motion of these bodies through the sky to record and determine seasons, months, and years. We know little about the details of timekeeping in prehistoric eras. However, records and artifacts usually uncover that in every culture, people were preoccupied with measuring and recording the passage of time. Stonehenge, built over 4000 years ago in England has no written records, but its alignments show its purposes apparently included the determination of seasonal or celestial events, such as lunar eclipses, solstices and so on. As time has passed so has the evolution of the calendar, a device created to track our time and seasons from the earliest recordings in Babylonia to the Gregorian calendar the history of this transformation is and interesting journey. The earliest know calendar to keep track of the cycles of the celestial bodies was an Egyptian calendar that was based on the moon's cycles and is thought to have been created in 4236 B.C.E. Many cultures and societies have embraced the idea of tracking time and seasons as they pass for a myriad of reasons, â€Å"Seafarers needed to navigate their vessels, and farmers had to know when to plant their crops.† (Chaisson / McMillan p.30) The Chinese are credited with having invented the second oldest method of time keeping; Emperor Huangdi implemented the Chinese legend in 2637 B.C.E.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Babylonia (where modern day Iraq can be found) is attributed with having some of the earliest surviving records of astronomical observations. It is believed, ‘†¦Babylonian astronomical knowledge spread far and wide – to the East, to Persia, and to the Mediterranean.† (Richards p. 38) However, the knowledge that was disbursed was not treasured by all that received it, in the Mediterranean the Greeks improved upon the theories of the Babylonians. The Greek’s theories were recorded; however, when Rome over-took most of Europe the records fell into the hands of the Christian church. When Constantine was Emperor of Rome he declared Christianity to be the official religion of the empire; thus, giving the church officials the power to decide the validity of the recordin... ...ius (1537-1612), he signed a papal bull and that was followed by, â€Å"The actual change over to the new calendar took place the following year on 4 October. After 350 years or more the reform had at last been accomplished.† (Richards p.246) Furthermore the rule for leap years (which said that years divisible with 4 should be leap years) was changed so that years, at the end of the century, should be leap years only if they were divisible with 400 (e.g. 1600, 2000, 2400 etc.) In the Gregorian Calendar there is then 303 years with 365 days and 97 years with 366 days, which gives a mean year of 365.24250 days: 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds. Related to the mean interval between vernal equinoxes this corresponds to a slippage of less than one hour in every 300 years for the foreseeable future - until circa 4000 AD. Chaisson, Eric and Steve McMillan. Astronomy Today. New Jersey: Prentice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hall, 1999. Evenson, A.E. About the History of the Calendar. Canada: Regensteiner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Publishing, 1972. Richards, E. G. Mapping Time, The Calendar and its History. New York: Oxford   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University Press, 1998. Ancient Calendars Essays -- essays research papers Time Keepers Celestial bodies - the sun, moon, planets, and stars - have provided us a reference for measuring the passage of time throughout human existence. Ancient civilizations like: China, India, Babylon, and Greece relied upon the apparent motion of these bodies through the sky to record and determine seasons, months, and years. We know little about the details of timekeeping in prehistoric eras. However, records and artifacts usually uncover that in every culture, people were preoccupied with measuring and recording the passage of time. Stonehenge, built over 4000 years ago in England has no written records, but its alignments show its purposes apparently included the determination of seasonal or celestial events, such as lunar eclipses, solstices and so on. As time has passed so has the evolution of the calendar, a device created to track our time and seasons from the earliest recordings in Babylonia to the Gregorian calendar the history of this transformation is and interesting journey. The earliest know calendar to keep track of the cycles of the celestial bodies was an Egyptian calendar that was based on the moon's cycles and is thought to have been created in 4236 B.C.E. Many cultures and societies have embraced the idea of tracking time and seasons as they pass for a myriad of reasons, â€Å"Seafarers needed to navigate their vessels, and farmers had to know when to plant their crops.† (Chaisson / McMillan p.30) The Chinese are credited with having invented the second oldest method of time keeping; Emperor Huangdi implemented the Chinese legend in 2637 B.C.E.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Babylonia (where modern day Iraq can be found) is attributed with having some of the earliest surviving records of astronomical observations. It is believed, ‘†¦Babylonian astronomical knowledge spread far and wide – to the East, to Persia, and to the Mediterranean.† (Richards p. 38) However, the knowledge that was disbursed was not treasured by all that received it, in the Mediterranean the Greeks improved upon the theories of the Babylonians. The Greek’s theories were recorded; however, when Rome over-took most of Europe the records fell into the hands of the Christian church. When Constantine was Emperor of Rome he declared Christianity to be the official religion of the empire; thus, giving the church officials the power to decide the validity of the recordin... ...ius (1537-1612), he signed a papal bull and that was followed by, â€Å"The actual change over to the new calendar took place the following year on 4 October. After 350 years or more the reform had at last been accomplished.† (Richards p.246) Furthermore the rule for leap years (which said that years divisible with 4 should be leap years) was changed so that years, at the end of the century, should be leap years only if they were divisible with 400 (e.g. 1600, 2000, 2400 etc.) In the Gregorian Calendar there is then 303 years with 365 days and 97 years with 366 days, which gives a mean year of 365.24250 days: 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds. Related to the mean interval between vernal equinoxes this corresponds to a slippage of less than one hour in every 300 years for the foreseeable future - until circa 4000 AD. Chaisson, Eric and Steve McMillan. Astronomy Today. New Jersey: Prentice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hall, 1999. Evenson, A.E. About the History of the Calendar. Canada: Regensteiner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Publishing, 1972. Richards, E. G. Mapping Time, The Calendar and its History. New York: Oxford   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University Press, 1998.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Admission Personal Statement Essay

Care is supreme to the survival of all life on earth. In the attitude of care, understanding and useful therapy any individual including adults with Parkinsonism and speech defects, children with autism, cerebral palsy and similar speech impairments can survive; they can live to impact the planets in government, politics, economics, arts.They can be better songwriters than Ludwig van Beethoven, and their records in literature can surpass that of Helen Keller, American author and lecturer who was blind and deaf. Irrespective of the impairments they may be living with, the dedication of   speech pathologists and therapists can be of immense help to this category of people; This is the essence of my intention to pursue a Master’s degree in Speech language pathology Programs in this renowned institution.Honing my skills as a speech pathologist is by no means an easy task and responsibility. As a person, I can effectively communicate diagnostic test results, diagnoses, and propos ed treatment in a manner which is easily understood by friends and families.This is useful to clients/patients and their families. I understand that the patient’s response to speech therapy may be slow and therefore I am patient and compassionate enough to listen to the patient has need be.   As a speech therapist, the management or therapeutic pattern for each patient is individualised to suit the need of the patient. Irrespective of the origin of the speech deficit, I believe strongly that I can be of immense help.I believe my upbringing has a significant share in my desire to further develop craft as a speech pathologist. Being a Russian immigrant, I easily can adapt to children who seem to be struggling to adopt their second language in this country. As a child coming to America at a very young age of 12, I saw how my parents also struggled to keep up with the language barriers. But I used this incident to further bolster my desire to be a good speech pathologist.Beside s, seeing the difficulty of my parents, I strove to include in my work as a speech pathologist programs wherein parents would be empowered to be supportive of their children as they work together in speech therapy programs. I'm not a rigid type of teacher; I structure my programs around non-formal means of teaching environments.I am sensitive to my wards, in the sense that I exert just enough pressure on them to learn without being too forceful. My skills are being put to use as I have been caring for my grandfather who is legally blind for the past 6-7 years although his hearing is fine and speech is fine. Besides, I have become more patient even to the extent of advocating for elderly rights to notice nursing home neglects. I am persuaded that people need care irrespective of their presumed disability.In my stay in the Big Apple Academy in New York, during my internship and volunteer duties at the institution, I participated in various activities through which I gained more knowle dge about my chosen field: I learnt a lot at Big Apple and at First Step Early Intervention also in New York about children who had difficulty in their learning modules at speech therapy.In my stay at the academy, I learned about â€Å"Prompts for Restructuring Oral-Muscular Phonetic Targets† (PROMPTs). I believe that learning must never stop; it must be a constant activity if one wishes to perfect his or her skill; that is the reason for my application to study in this highly-placed institution.Suffice me so state that it is quite impossible to say that if I do get admitted into your prestigious program, I would be able to create a cure-all for speech deficiencies in all children. On the contrary, children who possess these special conditions are just that, special. They need extra care and love and understanding from us, and, not to be self appreciating, I consider myself to have been blessed with an extra measure of love, compassion and patience.But if I do invent a cure a t all, your program would have an extra measure of credit, since the knowledge I would have gained from your program would have gone a long way in contributing to my discovery!The facilities in this institution are adequate for effective teaching and productive learning; this is why I have chosen this institution. As a diligent and thorough student, I will be of great asset to the school, with contributions to the body of knowledge through research, to sports through team spirit and to social development by effective relationship skills. In the end, I can say many things about why my application should be considered.Suffice it to say that I am hardworking, driven and highly motivated in my desire to be accepted into your program. I also am a team player; I work well in an environment where the confluence of ideas will contribute in my learning process as a speech pathologist. I do my work on time, with an extra effort to see to it that the work I will do in the program will be top q uality each and every time.In concluding, I admit my knowledge is limited and still so much to learn. I believe that the program in your honourable institution will further strengthen the bedrock that I have in the field of speech therapy.I am grateful that this country affords people like me, a Russian Jew, opportunities to better myself without fear of discrimination or recrimination. My dreams may not be to change the world but I can make a difference by an excellent Speech therapist and graduate of your institution’s Master’s program.

Monday, September 16, 2019

The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man- in †the Moon Marigold

Dominik Laszczkowski 11/12/12 Test Essay In The Effect of Gamma rays on Man- in – the Moon Marigold by Paul Zindel, Beatrice, the single mother of Tillie and Ruth, has multiple internal and external conflicts which present barriers to living a normal life. A single mother whose life has gone awry, she copes with it through  self-hatred,  cynicism, and  drug abuse, and by verbally (and at times physically) abusing her two daughters But she finds other ways to sustain herself.There are many internal conflicts reflected by personality and inner issues, as well as external conflicts which inhibit her ability to function normally in society, including family dynamics and environmental factors. Beatrice faces many internal conflicts because, first off, she is a crazy women! She is completely nuts. In the story Beatrice asks, â€Å" Do you want me to chloroform that thing right this minute? † ( 10) This shows her insanity because she wants to kill a rabbit that has not d one much harm to her or anyone else.Eventually her insanity drives her to the max and she ends up killing the per rabbit. Another problem Beatrice has is her life style, its not healthy at all. She sustain herself with alcohol and cigarettes and by creating illusions. Creates an illusion to escape problems by drinking but then having a drinking problem because she is always drinking. Because Beatrice was crazy and had a bad childhood she is know as â€Å" Betty the Loon†. In the story Ruth says, â€Å" Miss Hanley said her nickname used to be Betty the Loon. † ( 71) Thus everyone remembers her and how much of a weirdo she is.And Beatrice does not have a lot of nice to clothes to wear because of how poor they are so she never want to go out in public, or anywhere in general. Not only does her internal conflicts cause problems, so does her external ones. Beatrice has many external conflicts that cause her a lot of trouble too. She is very anti-social, stays home a lot be cause she wants to hide from people. Beatrice does not like being judged in anyway. In the story when yelling at Tillie she says, â€Å" I have no clothes, do you hear me? I'd look just like you up on the stage, ugly little you! (61) This shows how poor they area and that she knows that people are going to laugh at her because of their poverty. Beatrice is also husband- less because he left thus making it extremely hard being a single mother as she needs to do everything herself. Another external conflict is that she gets paid very little weekly and she needs to take care of very old people, people that are almost-died. She struggles a lot to make it through life. Beatrice has bad memories from her childhood which still taunt her now in her life and she does not want people to remember her.Beatrice has dreams that she wishes to come true and uses them as illusions. She wants to turn the closed shop that part of her home into a tea shop. Beatrice is also looking into buying a real e state so that they can move into a new big home. In the story Beatrice says, â€Å" Four- family house. Six and a half and six and a half over five and five. Eight garages. I could really do something with that. A nursing home†¦ † ( 22) This shows her illusions by thinking about buying expensive stuff in the future, but she does not have that much money to pay something like that because of her low paying job and poverty.Her routes of escape is drug abuse. She drinks a lot when there a problem she doesn't want to deal with and as well as smoke a lot of cigarettes too. As the play's main character, Beatrice is mainly  narcissistic and  lethally short-tempered, which is only worsened by the drugs. However, her plight is  sympathetic, as her past reveals a life spiraling steadily downward, leading her to  self-destruction. Thus being able to create illusions for herself she can sustain herself a little and not have to face the problems for a little.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Pet Peeve Essay

Frankly I have a rather extensive list of pet peeves. Either that or I have a very low tolerance for many things. One of my biggest annoyances however, happens to be something that I quite enjoy as well. To be in a relationship, for example, is my biggest pet peeve. Not so much being in a relationship, but all that pursues during and after this bond. Don’t let me be misunderstood, though I hate to be in a relationship, it has its perks but that’s a different matter. To be in a committed relationship does require the fundamental regulation that you must stay, exclusively, with this person alone. This I have no issue with, however I am not in favor of someone or anyone thinking of me as ‘theirs’ similar to how their property is theirs. I will stride by ones side, not be a mere possession to just tag along. I am my own person and infatuated or not I will never forget it. I assume it’s safe to say that my peeve isn’t necessarily relationships, but noticeably terrible relationships. When I am stuck in a bad relationship and I’m aware of the matter, there is no greater infuriation in my opinion. Standing idly aside and watching your days will with irritations and anger. Not anger towards the other person but to oneself for doing nothing to terminate or aid the situation. My days were filled with complete nothing and had no one to blame but myself. These bonds should be founded upon mutual acceptance of one another. Shared trust is bestowed within each other alongside the love and affection you can’t do without. If perchance I feel that I am not receiving all of these aspects it truly ticks me off. Why then should I obligate myself to one whom does not do so to me? I loathe if I am truly giving all my effort in return of minimal to no effort at all. Eventually this person resolves to none other than taking me for granted. Overlook me for something of superior importance or higher significance. My worth will be eternally forgotten and what I had endured this far is in vain. Day to day obstacles will prove too problematic to stomach sooner or later. Seems as if everyone and everything wants this unappreciated association to come to an end just as much as I do. Temptations are the work of the devil himself and never fail to win the eyes of an interested morsel of a man. For the saying goes, â€Å"You always want what you want until you have it.† Or perhaps I’ve said it myself. His wondering eyes will have me on the verge of insanity with rambunctious assumptions and obsessive suspicions. I hate if they mistake my praise for license and suppose they have every right to demand of me, to order me around. What’s more is that you better treat me like a princess if you have the audacity to order me like a slave. All these dreadful features in a relationship lead to sever trust issues, dishonestly within each other, and far more shadiness. You incorporate all of this in a couple and believe me this is a tie bound to fall apart from the loose ends in. In conclusion, perhaps I should stop dating, or genuinely try to have a functional relationship. Maybe I shouldn’t give up at the first sure sign of trouble and help fix it once again before it’s too late to fix. My pet peeves are being stuck in a dreadful relationship and that I don’t have the nerve to do something about it.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Why Are The Arts Important Education Essay

Humanistic disciplines are accomplishments or trades that are inspired by an person to portion and convey information of one ‘s ideas, thoughts, and emotions, beliefs among them, others and the universe around them. Elliot Eisner ( 2005 ) likewise states that humanistic disciplines can heighten single or group communicating when spoken or written linguistic communication – medium of communicating with others failed. In some civilizations, art is portion of mundane life, whilst others it is non-essential. Hence, art instruction is a challenge for national policymakers to make up one's mind whether it is necessary for art to be taught in the instruction course of study ( AARE ) . Furthermore, learning attacks of humanistic disciplines in schools are frequently structured and supervised by grownups, who made regulations about how art should look, and kids ‘s incompetent or incapable of doing artistic determinations ( Perry, Rosemay & A ; Irwin, 2000 ) . However Derham ( 1961 ) advocated that grownups should non oppugn about kids ‘s thoughts in art plants, even opposed any activities that are two-channel typewriting and led by grownups. Upon researching early childhood theories, art instruction in early childhood laid accent on importance of societal interaction ( Bodrova & A ; Leong,2007 ) . Smith ( 1993 ) further described it as a new manner of concerted acquisition, where kids and grownups interchange accomplishments, cognition and thoughts enhance kids ‘s thought and challenged kids ‘s perceptual experience on humanistic disciplines. In 1980s, research findings by Kindler ( 1996 ) , Wright ( 1991 ) and Matthews ( 1999 ) documented and shown importance of instructor ‘s function in steering and enabling kids ‘s capacities as originative, competent minds. Hence, arts instruction yet once more shifted from a natural, self-expression to a dynamic, societal interaction between grownups and kids in acquisition ( McArdle & A ; Piscitelli, 2002 ) . Community coaction with kids and grownups provides chances of larning which combine physical, rational, creativeness and job work outing accomplishments of immature kids ( Kolbe, 2001 ) . Surveies conducted by Pugh ( 2010 ) found important differences of kids who are extremely involved in humanistic disciplines activities and those with small or no engagement, where they are found to be more assurance and positive in their attitudes and behaviors. In add-on, Brouillette ( 2010 ) surveies that art enable kids to make a healthier societal competency. Art instruction facilitates kids to develop good apprehension of responses, emotional looks and actions of other people ( Davies,1993 ) . As kids learn to understand what to be expected from others and what societal address should be used in different state of affairss ; the ability to research and utilize art media to show one ‘s desires, feelings, and even frights ( Rogers & A ; Evans, 2008 ) . Research findings proven by Rogers and Rose ( 2007 ) as interpersonal interaction additions, first-class conflict-resolution accomplishments and job work outing temperament come at the same time. In the fast gait epoch of 20 first century, Rogoff ( 2003 ) finds kids are frequently pushed to see tonss of exciting larning activities, and no longer hold a balance between quieting and extremely stirred activities. Consequently, kids faced troubles and challenges of settling in schoolroom construction. Furthermore, it besides added to kids ‘s unequal proficiency in societal competency and interpersonal interactions with others. ( Brouillette, 2010 ) Therefore, many states shifted the focal point and favoured active constructive, find acquisition in country of humanistic disciplines, and closely linked to their conceptual instruction model. ( Perry & A ; Irwin, 2000 ) When immature kids explore, experiment, usage and interpret information with others, it increase equal credence, construct positive equal relationship, better school attending, deepen involvement in school activities ‘ engagement and build a more competent and assurance self-pride in academic acquisition, every bit good as show involvement in beliefs, civilizations and values of others and compare these with theirs ( Smith,1992 ) .Pretend, dramatic, fantasy, inventive dramas strengthen societal emotional developmentSupplying immature kids chances to copy and copy actions in make-believe, dramatic, fantasy, inventive dramas from each other, kids learn explore, experiment and make new ways in critical thought and job resolution ( Kindler,1996b ) . Planing, sharing, lending and back uping to narrative information of dramas, offer kids suites to take on different functions in the dramatis personae ( Rogers & A ; Evans, 2008 ) . It aids and enhances kids to work together in little or large groups. Winston and Tandy ( 2009 ) stated as kids explore in group working, they learn how their equals use resources, stuffs and job solve in activities. Art is about believing and how the encephalon plants, comprehend and interact with others ( Arts in Schools Project,1990 ) . Dialogue can be one of the cardinal ways kids learn while organizing and sing in originative looks in dramas ( Pugh, 2010 ) . Social exchanges and expressed contemplations of kids involve on their brooding thought and thought procedure upon understanding ( Wright, 2000 ) . The conversations for kids to make and what they learn from their creative activity ; these are interactions of kids where they portion with each other from make-believe, dramatic, fantasy, inventive dramas ( Davies,1993 ) . Furthermore, dramas can be designed to bridge increasing spread and needs different diverseness of multicultural kids in schools in society when it is integrated into schoolroom construction. For case, integrating of early literacy accomplishments and humanistic disciplines cultivate cultural grasp in early childhood schoolrooms. Imagine how a new kid ‘s first school experience in wholly new environment – fearful, societal emphasis, cultural ambivalency, inability to pass on, what the kid might confront if school instructor has no cognition and schemes to make a culturally antiphonal schoolroom. However, if school integrates and creates chances for the new kid to lend information of native civilization and promote other kids to research narratives, art, music, and dance of the new kid ‘s place civilization. Together, they would larn each other ‘s alone life experiences, detecting things that make them so different, and yet particular. Children ‘s affectional demands of cognitive, emotional and rational safety in the school environment must be met in order for kids to boom academically. Children who feel insecure or socially Isolated, shut down cognitively. Emotionally nerve-racking places and or school environments have damaging effects on kids.Musical Exploration enhance academic acquisitionWhen a kid embarks into musical geographic expedition, reading of musical notation such as basic elements of beat and pitch helps foundation edifice for music. ( Bahna-James, 1991 ) Though larning spheres of music and mathematics may look contradictory, an increasing figure of surveies on kids ‘s engagement in musical activity and cognitive development in mathematics indicate a close connexion ( Young & A ; Glover,1998 ) . For case, beat in musical notation is numerical form of beats that represented by series of musical notes, runing from whole notes ( 1 round per step ) to one-fourth notes ( 4 beats per step ) and so on ( Wright, 2000 ) . Cardinal mathematical constructs are involved in order to understand the notes. Childs have to hold the ability to number the beats and the capableness to fraction notes to equal proportion. Musical composing helps kids to further sequence of musical development through phases of inventive drama, imitation and command. In musical developmental phases of a kid, the kid ‘s exposure, experience and command the environment, promote the developmental sequences in cognitive sweetening. From the debut of rattle shaking and return over vocal sound by health professional at infant age, innovation of ‘Babbling ‘ Musical at yearling age, imitation of musical expressive gestures in pre-school and formation and creative activity of new vocals at school age. The kid has wholly discovered the scheme of musical development. If chances are continue and revisited, composing of the kid ‘s development grows stronger and deeper as the ability to improvize, invent and create music. Swanwick ( 1998 ) mentioned that in Piaget ‘s theory the equilibrium of assimilation and adjustment set up sensori-motor intelligence, which later builds up conceptual intelligence of a kid in cognitive development ( Anning, 2009 ) . Producing a work of art engages kids to bring forth thoughts, and explore ways to show their emotions. Painting, playwriting, composing, artistic creative activity provide chances for them to see the procedure of art devising, which is valuable for heightening kids ‘s ability to larn within and beyond the humanistic disciplines. Art is one of the medium that people develop cultural sense and personal individuality ( Anning, 2009 ) . Art instruction in early childhood instruction, AIDSs immature kids by supplying chances to believe and larn in new ways, communicate with others and enrich the infinite they live in ( McArdle & A ; Piscitelli, 2002 ) . School and instructors duty and ability to happen imaginative ways to use limited resources and clip available to guarantee kids ‘s academic accomplishment, heighten societal and emotional growing of immature kids from different divergent background. Hence, by supplying positive consequence on these developments on kids particularly ‘at-risk ‘ kids, it would nurture sensory, cognitive, societal, emotional and neurobiological system. Furthermore, it helps to develop possible leading accomplishments, positive self-esteem and assurance, co-op of future coevals.

Friday, September 13, 2019

Cipd Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cipd - Assignment Example For example, employees requests for additional time to complete a particular task, while the manager requires from them, to complete the task within the specified time. In such cases, the issue is usually resolved as per the companies’ policy. But, if it is not possible to do so, then, those with the supreme authority and responsibility seek to resolve the issue in the light of their relevant knowledge and experience. In a business environment, verbal communication plays a crucial role, because, in a business environment, one deals with people, belonging to different background, culture and race and of different ages as well. Examples of verbal communication include: After agreeing on the particular service to be provided, it should be provided accordingly, that is, as per the agreement. This would assist you to obtain customer’s confidence on you which is the foundation of strong business relationship with customers. It is essential to keep the customers well informed about the current situation regarding the service to be provided. This would be helpful, in case it becomes difficult to provide the service to the customer in the agreed time period and a reasonable justification is required to be presented to the customer as to why the service could not be offered in the agreed time period. It is necessary to prioritize work, in order to manage time. It should be determined that which work is very important and urgent and which work is the least important and urgent, so that it can be carried out accordingly. It is imperative to keep reviewing the service on regular intervals by acting as per the feedback of the customers. This would facilitate you to improve to the quality of your service and would also create a positive impact on your customers. CPD is basically a mixture of various approaches, thoughts and methods which facilitate a person learn and achieve growth constantly. CPD’s essential focus is on the practical advantages which it offers

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Mathematical Analysis of Stress on Different Types of Teeth Research Paper

Mathematical Analysis of Stress on Different Types of Teeth - Research Paper Example I gained leadership, self-initiative and cooperative skills mainly from my work, volunteer experiences and several group projects I have implemented in different courses. Many people think that leaders are the ones who lead the rest of the group but my definition of leadership is slightly different from the conventional view. Donald McGannon, a prominent broadcast industry executive, states that â€Å"leadership is action, not position.†   I believe that true leadership comes from engaging every group member in decision making process and receiving the best outcome through communication and cooperation with others.  I gained leadership, self-initiative and cooperative skills mainly from my work, volunteer experiences and several group projects I have implemented in different courses. Many people think that leaders are the ones who lead the rest of the group but my definition of leadership is slightly different from the conventional view. Donald McGannon, a prominent broadc ast industry executive, states that â€Å"leadership is action, not position.†   I believe that true leadership comes from engaging every group member in decision making process and receiving the best outcome through communication and cooperation with others.  2. It is undoubtedly to say that we have made great advances in dental procedures and technology through the research during last fifty years. However, the public’s attitude toward dentistry has not been changed with those advances.

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Discuss the skills needed to develop into a successful university Essay

Discuss the skills needed to develop into a successful university student - Essay Example In the age of information technology a student should develop skills in web based learning for better academic performances. Academic skills like effective communication, effective perception, effective presentation and desirable writing and problem solving are essential factors in university level. Unlike school education, university education provides new instructional strategies and learning environment for students. Therefore, effective communication and perception contribute better academic results and professional success. Tom burns and Sandra Sinfields made some relevant studies in the field of skills needed for a university student. They remark; â€Å"In order to help you develop successful assessment techniques, we devote a whole long section to effective communication where we look at essays, reports, presentations and seminars and other assessment engines† (Burns, Sinfield, 2008, p.18). It is significant to mention that leadership quality and problem solving ability have close association with effective communication skills. Generally, academic skills offered a new insight and energy for a student’s academic qualities for managing new atmosphere. Self- discipline is an essential skill for a successful university student and it helps the students to manage time. Ability in critical thinking is another significant skill that needed to develop in to a successful university student. Sophia Scott and Doug Koch argue that â€Å"Government, business, vocational, and technology education leaders have increasingly called for more emphasis in the classroom on higher order thinking† (Scott, Koch, 2010). In addition, one can see that critical thinking is essential for a university student in forming a socially acceptable behaviour. One has the responsibility to act as a good citizen for that nation. So skills of critical thinking and analysis prevent one in all kinds of illegal activities. Self-discipline and

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Argument assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argument assignment - Essay Example The system insists on the normality of homosexuality at this stage (Walker). In the second grade, children will be taught about the words to refer to homosexuals since calling them gay is seen as been impolite and spiteful (Walker). In the third grade, children will be taught about media presentation of gender. The system aims at making the impression that morals are not collective and will deconstruct the moral values that these children have already acquired. The fourth graders will learn about the equableness of both sexes in order to discredit notions that have been presented for decades by people. The move aims at acknowledging equality in talents, strengths, attributes and optimism in prospect lives (Walker). The system aims at presenting children with the realities of existence that is most denied to children by their relations. Montana Family Council together with the parents have expressed outrage at the system, arguing that children at kindergarten are not emotionally mature, to be taught sexual education. The system cannot be regarded appropriate at such an age since the children have miniature or no idea of the happenings in their sexual life. Therefore, it ought to be taught at an age when clear understanding is guaranteed. The author presents the idea that the system is not morally appropriate since most these children are not mature to comprehend the issues that the system addresses. Presentation of the idea that both sexes are equal in all aspects can be considered a logical fallacy since it can be proven to be

Monday, September 9, 2019

Why the Pros out weigh the Cons of legalizing marijuana Essay

Why the Pros out weigh the Cons of legalizing marijuana - Essay Example Herein will contain the reasons why the legalization of marijuana should take place, taxes placed on it for the purpose of debt relief and the medicinal value of the plant. It is imperative that the United States pass legislation to legalize the use of marijuana, as there are many people that use the drug for recreational reasons, and those who use it for medicinal reasons as well. According to a survey conducted by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health in 2009, 16.7 million Americans over the age of 12 had used marijuana at least one time in the month before this survey was conducted. That is roughly 5% of the population in the U.S. that were honest enough to admit to marijuana use. Given that so many people use the drug, if legalization were to take place, the taxation of it alone would critically help the United States’ debt problems. Often marijuana is labeled as a ‘gateway’ drug, meaning that it is the beginning drug for people to pursue other more dange rous drugs, like cocaine or heroin. This is a false assumption, and this report will seek to prove that as well. Marijuana has been used for centuries by varying indigenous peoples throughout Europe and Asia. It is thought to be first used as an intoxicant around 1000 B.C. in India. In China, it was used to make cloth and medicine, and considered to be in use in other parts of the world prior to 500 A.D. (National Commission of Marijuana and Drug Abuse, 2010). Among the many religions that use marijuana for religious purposes, the most commonly known are the Rastafarians. They use the drug to â€Å"enhance their consciousness of the relationship between God, Creation and the individual soul.† (Marijuana Legalization Organization, [MLO] 2006). Among other religions, the Quakers, Judeo-Christian, and Shinto use marijuana for religious reasons (MLO, 2006). Marijuana should be legalized, taxed and restricted to certain age groups for use in the United States, as the reasons for l egalization far outweigh the reasons not to legalize. Methodology In order to find out the medicinal value and the reasons for taxation of marijuana, I employed a Google search, and found a multitude of articles, journals and other written outlets both for and against legalization. Marijuana has been found to relieve pain and is a safe and effective treatment of peripheral neuropathy, which is a common occurrence in HIV/AIDS patents. Caused by nerve damage, this type of pain often cannot be effectively treated with standard narcotic pain medicines, but marijuana was shown to give these sufferers relief. It has also been shown to help those suffering from hepatitis C virus to curb the nausea associated with the traditional treatments. It is also being used for sufferers of multiple sclerosis and diabetes (Kampia, 2007). Although there are many medicinal purposes for the plant, legalization and taxation of it would be of enormous benefit to the United States Economy. The costs to the United States and taxpayers are enormous to keep marijuana illegal. There are no certain numbers available due to the variability of costs of factors. Some of those factors are: Cost of law enforcement officers Cost of prosecution and defense of offenders Cost of incarceration of convicted offenders Cost of social services and foster care for children of offenders (MLO, 2006). Given these costs, which are few in the plethora of available issues concerning keeping marijuana illegal, the costs of growing the plant and taxing it are hugely different and beneficial. According to MLO (2006) estimates, the U.S. spends anywhere from $7 to $12 billion each year on drug control programs. These do no include misdemeanor cases, but it is important to note that these numbers to not allow for the expenditures on marijuana alone, as it is all