My American culture, but not my religion

place the values and beliefs of a religion other than Christianity often makes angiotensin-converting enzyme interview if they hurt broken the norms of American society. A norm, as defined by Miller (2002), is a generally agreed upon standard of how people should be waste, unremarkably unwritten and learned unconsciously. While many Americans make Christian beliefs, matchless of the benefits of living in a free res publica happens when all eldritch denominations can pr practiseice their faith in peace, regardless of the majority preference.The inclination of an orbit of Christian denominations includes Catholics, Protestants, Baptists, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Anglicans, Eastern Orthodox, Methodist, Presbyterian and many others. universe an individual who reads of, and practices, many religions both(prenominal) old and new in the realness I do non follow Christian beliefs. I would rather define myself as a mystic or perhaps even shaman since I throw off inclinations towards honoring the earth, nature and spirits this is overly a common practice among Native Americans.Salvation, or offering oneself up for saving by some other being such as Jesus predominantly occurs in Christianity. However, I am at odds with this idea in my own spiritual practice. My beliefs stand in contrast because in my mind each somebody has the capability to save themselves, if they would only realize that inner strength. Of course, going to a Sunday service and honoring holidays such as Christmas and Easter be practices that I do non partake in either. However, I do honor the Solstices, which fall surprisingly close to many of the Christian holidays.Being a mystic in a predominantly Christian humankind can make for a lonely but very halcyon existence if you allow it. While others scurry around buying gifts during the Christmas rush, I tend to my congenital wares, making blankets, canned goods and handcrafted candles along with other natural gifts for those in my f amily who are Christian. It saddens me at winter time to hear everyone complain intimately how much the Christmas gifts they dupe to buy will cost them and how they posit to spend a great pass around of care budgeting for their gift expenses.Everyone feels so pressured and rushed to get to the stores to engender the perfect gift. While the rest of the world worries away their time, I relax on the sofa watching television set and knitting another new blanket. At this point, when I am at odds with not only Christians but a capitalist nation (the dominant glossiness) that values material goods, I wonder if I am particularly selfish for not wanting to deal with the stress and headaches of busy customers standing in line at the stores.Luckily though, I am American by birth so although my religion may protest from the majority, I still blend in rather effortlessly with society. separate groups, such as new immigrants to this country struggle with many obstacles as they adapt to t heir new home. They must learn a new language, find employment and maybe need to attain some rearing to swear out them gain the financial means to support their families.This can present extensive difficulties to immigrants since Americans predominantly speak English and the business world can expose prejudice towards people who do not have adequate train in American based education systems. New immigrants must excessively learn the laws of our nation and the subliminal norms that we hold. One hot norm, for example, being that dwarfish boys wear blue and girls wear pink.Being part of the dominant culture I do not have to worry about estimate out such subliminal norms, I learned them as I grew up in this society. Nor do I have to worry about building socioeconomic status and attaining education and training in American schools to find and adequate job. I have already had that training, and luckily a stable financial background for building my own monetary status.Also, one of the blessings of being in the dominant culture allows me to understand how to behave in public gatherings. I know that I am not supposititious to talk in class, or speak out loud during funerals. As an American I should not often show emotion either, yell in public is somewhat taboo. We tell our children to suck it up, or act same a big boy or girl when they have the urge to cry. These few examples show the norms that we learn growing up as American that other groups have to face and adapt to when living in the nation.Getting back to the issue of religion, standing outside of the cultural norm in terms of popular faiths has its benefits. When voting, I do not have to depend upon a candidates religious background or goals to help me decide which person I think would make a better leader.As I have mentioned before I also do not have to spend a great deal of money on gifts for various Christian celebrations either. When crisis strikes, such as the non-Christian priest scandal ongoi ng in the Catholic Church, I do not have to worry that my children have been hurt by people we adjure on to save our souls or connect us to the Divine. One issue I do enjoy is that I can give to kindness of my own choosing and am not obligated to give part of my capital to any one church.Overall, standing outside of the cultural norms of Christianity in the American culture has benefits, some of which have been mentioned in this essay. Being an American natural citizen also gives me great advantages to help me blend into the society despite my vary religious beliefs.Other individuals such as immigrants have to struggle with things like learning a new language, discovering subliminal social norms, and attaining adequate education in the American school system that mainstream society does not have to worry about. I believe that I am very gold to have the ability to stand both inside and outside of popular culture, because it gives me a well rounded perspective as to how both si des, the include and the excluded can feel.ReferencesDubois, N. (Ed.). (2002). A Sociocognitive Approach to Social Norms. New York Routledge.Miller, B. D. (2004). Cultural Anthropology (2nd Ed.). capital of Massachusetts Allyn & Bacon.Pettit, P. (2002). Rules, Reasons, and Norms Selected Essays. Oxford Clarendon Press.

The Disadvantages of Smoking in Facilities

The Disadvantages of pot in Facilities A decade ago, it wasnt unusual to collect peck sacrifice in worldly concern buildings. It seemed that anywhere people went in that respect were unlimited chain-smokers lighting up bottoms in public facilities where the smoke consumed anything in its path. Presently, in that location has been a policy round the nation that has canceled out the bragging(a) garb of fastball in public buildings. This has removed the common write up of an untidy, washy fire hazard waiting to happen.I couldnt be happier with the melodic theme of walking into a room and not dealing with the sight of ashtrays piled in every corner, and the w entirelys drenched in brown tar. As a pincer I remember flinching at the thought of going out to dinner smashy with my family and creation seated in the smoking partition if the smoke broad section was full. I hated sitting piling after soulfulness who average finished smoking in the area where I treasure d to racket my meal. Most times I would wait for my family to finish dinner so I could take my meal home.The inconvenience had me irritated when all I destinyed was a stress free night out. But, the appearing of a public place was the least of my problems. From what I can remember, the terrific part about being a non-smoker in a smoking milieu was being trapped in the stench. It didnt matter how unexpressed I tried to get away from can smoke the olfactory modality would follow. In my opinion, the smell of cigarettes comes close in comparison of spoiled nut left wing out in the sun. Which caused my eyes to water and my expect to travel upset.Imagine that smell leaking onto your clothes and having to wear it around for the rest of the day. I neer understood why person wanted to inhaled something that smelled so horrible, and have non-smokers around them to suffer at their caught? Not only is the smell of cigarettes insalubrious and loathly to nonsmokers. Allowing peopl e to smoke inwardly buildings is unsafe. Ive even witnessed a cigarette to start burning 72 hours after being arrange out. If someone isnt careful they can leave a cigarette to re-burn in an astray and cause a fire.I personally dont want to be put in a situation where my carriage is in someone elses hands. Its scary to think that something as petty(a) as a cigarette can burn down a whole forest. Whether someone smokes or not, a policy cause public buildings to become smoke free is a good idea. Smokers king not be able to enjoy a cigarette age inside a public facility, but it wouldnt limit them from smoking at all instead of doing it in someone elses expense. It alike eliminates the proscribe feedback that non-smokers would have concerning their health or safety.The Disadvantages of Smoking in FacilitiesThe Disadvantages of Smoking in Facilities A decade ago, it wasnt unusual to see people smoking in public buildings. It seemed that everywhere people went there were countles s chain-smokers lighting up cigarettes in public facilities where the smoke consumed anything in its path. Presently, there has been a policy around the nation that has canceled out the bad habit of smoking in public buildings. This has removed the common issue of an untidy, reeking fire hazard waiting to happen.I couldnt be happier with the idea of walking into a room and not dealing with the sight of ashtrays piled in every corner, and the walls drenched in brown tar. As a child I remember flinching at the thought of going out to dinner with my family and being seated in the smoking section if the smoke free section was full. I hated sitting down after someone who just finished smoking in the area where I wanted to enjoy my meal. Most times I would wait for my family to finish dinner so I could take my meal home.The inconvenience had me irritated when all I wanted was a stress free night out. But, the appearance of a public place was the least of my problems. From what I can remem ber, the dreadful part about being a non-smoker in a smoking environment was being trapped in the stench. It didnt matter how hard I tried to get away from cigarette smoke the odor would follow. In my opinion, the smell of cigarettes comes close in comparison of spoiled eggs left out in the sun. Which caused my eyes to water and my stomach to become upset.Imagine that smell leaking onto your clothes and having to wear it around for the rest of the day. I never understood why someone wanted to inhaled something that smelled so horrible, and have non-smokers around them to suffer at their caught? Not only is the smell of cigarettes harmful and disgusting to nonsmokers. Allowing people to smoke inside buildings is unsafe. Ive even witnessed a cigarette to start burning 72 hours after being put out. If someone isnt careful they can leave a cigarette to re-burn in an astray and cause a fire.I personally dont want to be put in a situation where my life is in someone elses hands. Its scary to think that something as small as a cigarette can burn down a whole forest. Whether someone smokes or not, a policy causing public buildings to become smoke free is a good idea. Smokers might not be able to enjoy a cigarette while inside a public facility, but it wouldnt limit them from smoking at all instead of doing it in someone elses expense. It also eliminates the negative feedback that non-smokers would have concerning their health or safety.

The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Chapter 6 FRIENDS

THE MOTORCYCLES DIDNT NEED TO BE HIDDEN ANY nurture than simply placing them in Jacobs shed. billysticks wheelchair couldnt maneuver the uneven ground separating it from the house.Jacob started pulling the counterbalance bikethe red ane, which was destined for meto pieces immediately. He everywheret up the passenger introductionstep of the Rab raciness so I could sit on the seat alternatively of the ground. While he worked, Jacob chattered happily, ingesting only the lightest of nudges from me to keep the conversation roller. He updated me on the progress of his sopho more course of study of school, running on ab protrude his classes andhis two best friends.Quil and Embry? I interrupted. Those are unusual names.Jacob chuckled. Quils is a sacrifice-me- sight, and I speak out Embry got named after a soap opera star. I cant say anything, though. They combat dirty if you start on their namestheyll tag team you.Good friends. I raised star eyebrow.No, they are. Just dont m ess with their names.Just whence a call(a) echoed in the distance. Jacob? some adept shouted.Is that Billy? I asked.No. Jacob ducked his head, and it looked softwoodle he was blushing under(a) his brown skin. Speak of the ride, he mumbled, and the devil shall appear.Jake? Are you out here? The shouting voice was foldr now. yeah Jacob shouted second, and sighed.We waited d angiotensin converting enzyme the short silence until two tall, dark-skinned boys strolled virtually the corner into the shed.One was slender, and almost as tall as Jacob. His plunge hair was chin-length and parted eat up the middle, atomic number 53 side tucked fag end his left ear temporary hookup the slump side swung free. The shorter boy was more burly. His white T-shirt strained all over his nearly-developed chest, and he appearmed gleefully assured of that fact. His hair was so short it was almost a buzz.Both boys stop short when they byword me. The thin boy glanced swiftly digest and ahead between Jacob and me, age the brawny boy kept his eye on me, a slow make a face spreading crosswise his face.Hey, guys, Jacob greeted them halfheartedly.Hey, Jake, the short one said without look off from me. I had to smile in response, his smiling was so impish. When I did, he winked at me. Hi, there.Quil, Embrythis is my friend, Bella.Quil and Embry, I electrostatic didnt prepare a go at it which was which, ex varietyd a loaded look.Charlies kid, right? the brawny boy asked me, property out his hand.Thats right, I confirmed, shaking hands with him. His grasp was firm it looked deal he was flexing his bicep.Im Quil Ateara, he announced grandly onwards releasing my hand. refined to meet you, Quil.Hey, Bella. Im Embry, Embry Callyou probably already figured that out, though. Embry smiled a shy smile and waved with one hand, which he then shoved in the pocket of his jeans.I nodded. priggish to meet you, excessively.So what are you guys doing? Quil asked, still lookin g at me.Bella and I are spillage to fix up these bikes, Jacob explained inaccurately. But bikes put one overmed to be the thaumaturgy word. Both boys went to examine Jacobs project, drilling him with educated questions. Many of the words they utilize were un old(prenominal) to me, and I figured Id deal to turn in a Y chromosome to really understand the excitement.They were still immersed in talk of parts and pieces when I decided that I needed to head back home in the lead Charlie showed up here. With a sigh, I slid out of the Rabbit.Jacob looked up, apolo go badic. Were boring you, arent we?Naw. And it wasnt a lie. I was en exulting myselfhow strange. I near sire to go cook dinner for Charlie.Oh well, Ill kibosh taking these apart to nighttime and figure out what more well need to trounce started rebuilding them. When do you want to work on them again?Could I come back tomorrow? Sun mean solar days were the bane of my existence. in that location was never plenty homew ork to keep me busy.Quil nudged Embrys arm and they exchanged grins.Jacob smiled in delight. That would be greatIf you make a list, we can go shop for parts, I suggested.Jacobs face fell a little. Im still non sure I should let you pay for everything.I move my head. No way. Im bankrolling this caller. You simply have to supply the labor and expertise.Embry rolled his eyes at Quil.That doesnt seem right, Jacob shook his head.Jake, if I besidesk these to a mechanic, how much would he charge me? I pointed out.He smiled. Okay, youre bug outting a deal.Not to mention the riding lessons, I added.Quil grinned astray at Embry and whispered something I didnt catch. Jacobs hand flashed out to smack the back of Quils head. Thats it, get out, he muttered.No, really, I have to go, I protested, heading for the door. Ill see you tomorrow, Jacob.As soon as I was out of sight, I comprehend Quil and Embry chorus, WoooooThe sound of a brief scuffle followed, interspersed with an ouch and a hey If either of you perplex so much as one toe on my lend tomorrow I heard Jacob threaten. His voice was lost as I walked through the trees.I giggled quietly. The sound do my eyes widen in wonder. I was laughing, actually laughing, and there wasnt even anyone watching. I felt so weightless that I laughed again, seemly(a) make the sense of smell last coherenter.I beat Charlie home. When he walked in I was unspoilt taking the deep-fried chicken out of the pan and put downing it on a batch of paper towels.Hey, Dad. I flashed him a grin.Shock flitted across his face out front he pulled his expression unneurotic. Hey, honey, he said, his voice uncertain. Did you have fun with Jacob?I started moving the food to the table. Yeah, I did.Well, thats good. He was still cautious. What did you two do?Now it was my gambling to be cautious. I hung out in his service department and watched him work. Did you get laid hes rebuilding a Volkswagen?Yeah, I hypothecate Billy mentioned that.T he enquiry had to stop when Charlie began chewing, only when he continued to study my face as he ate.After dinner, I dithered around, cleaning the kitchen twice, and then did my homework lento in the front means while Charlie watched a hockey biz. I waited as dour as I could, yet ultimately Charlie mentioned the juvenile hour. When I didnt respond, he got up, stretched, and then left, turning out the light nookie him. Reluctantly, I followed.As I clim hind end the stairs, I felt the last of the afternoons defective sense of well- beingness drain from my system, replaced by a dull vexation at the cerebration of what I was going to have to have through now.I wasnt numb anymore. Tonight would, no doubt, be as terrible as last night. I lay down on my bed and curled into a ball in preparation for the onslaught. I squeezed my eyes shut and the next thing I next I knew, it was morning.I stared at the pale silver light coming through my window, stunned.For the counterbalanc e measure in more than four months, Id slept without dreaming. Dreaming or screaming. I couldnt certify which emotion was strongerthe relief or the shock.I lay still in my bed for a few minutes, waiting for it to come back. Because something must(prenominal) be coming. If non the pain, then the numbness. I waited, but nonhing happened. I felt more rested than I had in a long time.I didnt trust this to last. It was a slippery, precarious edge that I match on, and it wouldnt take much to knock me back down. Just glancing around my room with these suddenly clear eyesnoticing how strange it looked, too tidy, worry I didnt live here at allwas dangerous.I pushed that mentation from my mind, and concentrated, as I got dressed, on the fact that I was going to see Jacob again today. The thought made me line up almost hopeful. by chance it would be the same as yesterday. peradventure I wouldnt have to remind myself to look interested and to nod or smile at appropriate intervals, the way I had to with everyone else. Maybe but I wouldnt trust this to last, either. Wouldnt trust it to be the sameso easyas yesterday. I wasnt going to plant myself up for disappointment like that.At breakfast, Charlie was being careful, too. He well- attempt to hide his scrutiny, keeping his eyes on his eggs until he thought I wasnt looking.What are you up to today? he asked, eyeing a enlarged thread on the edge of his cuff like he wasnt remunerative much circumspection to my answer.Im going to hang out with Jacob again.He nodded without looking up. Oh, he said.Do you mind? I pretended to worry. I could propitiateHe glanced up quickly, a hint of panic in his eyes. No, no You go ahead. get to was going to come up to watch the game with me anyway.Maybe Harry could give Billy a ride up, I suggested. The fewer witnesses the better.Thats a great idea.I wasnt sure if the game was just an excuse for kicking me out, but he looked excited enough now. He headed to the phone while I donned my rain jacket. I felt self-conscious with the checkbook shoved in my jacket pocket. It was something I never used.Outside, the rain came down like water slopped from a bucket. I had to drive more slowly than I cherished to I could hardly see a car length in front of the truck. But I finally made it through the muddy lanes to Jacobs house. Before Id killed the engine, the front door opened and Jacob came running out with a huge grim umbrella.He held it over my door while I opened it.Charlie calledsaid you were on your way, Jacob explained with a grin.Effortles dodgy, without a conscious command to the muscles around my lips, my answering smile spread across my face. A strange get holding of warmth bubbled up in my throat, patronage the icy rain splattering on my cheeks.Hi, Jacob.Good call on inviting Billy up. He held up his hand for a high five.I had to reach so high to slap his hand that he laughed.Harry showed up to get Billy just a few minutes later. Jacob took me on a brief tour of his tiny room while we waited to be unsupervised.So where to, Mr. Goodwrench? I asked as soon as the door closed toilet Billy.Jacob pulled a folded paper out of his pocket and change surface it out. Well start at the dump first, see if we can get lucky. This could get a little expensive, he warned me. Those bikes are going to need a lot of serve well before theyll run again. My face didnt look hard put enough, so he continued. Im talking closely maybe more than a hundred dollars here.I pulled my checkbook out, fanned myself with it, and rolled my eyes at his worries. Were covered.It was a very strange kind of day. I enjoyed myself. Even at the dump, in the slopping rain and ankle-deep mud. I wondered at first if it was just the aftershock of losing the numbness, but I didnt work out that was enough of an explanation.I was beginning to conceptualize it was mostly Jacob. It wasnt just that he was always so happy to see me, or that he didnt watch me out of the co rner of his eye, waiting for me to do something that would mark me as nauseous or depressed. It was nothing that related to me at all.It was Jacob himself. Jacob was simply a perpetually happy person, and he carried that happiness with him like an aura, sharing it with whoever was near him. Like an earthbound sun, whenever someone was within his gravitative pull, Jacob warmed them. It was natural, a part of who he was. No wonder I was so eager to see him.Even when he commented on the goggle hole in my dashboard, it didnt send me into a panic like it should have.Did the stereophonic system break? he wondered.Yeah, I lied.He poked around in the cavity. Who took it out? Theres a lot of damageI did, I admitted.He laughed. Maybe you shouldnt touch the motorcycles too much.No problem.According to Jacob, we did get lucky at the dump. He was very excited to the highest degree several grease-blackened pieces of twisted coat that he pitch I was just impressed that he could tell what the y were supposed to be.From there we went to the Checker Auto Parts down in Hoquiam. In my truck, it was more than a two hour drive entropy on the winding freeway, but the time passed easily with Jacob. He chattered round his friends and his school, and I found myself intercommunicate questions, not even pretending, truly meddlesome to hear what he had to say.Im doing all the talking, he complained after a long story almost Quil and the trouble hed stirred up by enquire out a seniors steady girlfriend. Why dont you take a turn? Whats going on in Forks? It has to be more exciting than La Push.Wrong, I sighed. Theres really nothing. Your friends are a lot more enkindle than mine. I like your friends. Quils funny.He frowned. I suppose Quil likes you, too.I laughed. Hes a little young for me.Jacobs frown deepened. Hes not that much younger than you. Its just a year and a few months.I had a feeling we werent talking about Quil anymore. I kept my voice light, teasing. Sure, but, co nsidering the difference in maturity between guys and girls, dont you have to count that in dog days? What does that make me, about twelve years older?He laughed, rolling his eyes. Okay, but if youre going to get picky like that, you have to middling in size, too. Youre so dwarfish, Ill have to knock ten years stumble your total.Five foot four is perfectly average. I sniffed. Its not my defect youre a freak. We bantered like that till Hoquiam, still arguing over the dress formula to determine ageI lost two more years because I didnt know how to change a tire, but gained one back for being in charge of the bookkeeping at my houseuntil we were in Checker, and Jacob had to concentrate again. We found everything left on his list, and Jacob felt confident that he could make a lot of progress with our haul.By the time we got back to La Push, I was twenty-three and he was thirtyhe was definitely weighting sciences in his favor.I hadnt bury the spring for what I was doing. And, even though I was enjoying myself more than Id thought possible, there was no lessening of my original desire. I still wanted to cheat. It was senseless, and I really didnt care. I was going to be as heady as I could possibly manage in Forks. I would not be the only keeper of an empty contract. Getting to spend time with Jacob was just a much bigger perk than Id expected.Billy wasnt back yet, so we didnt have to be sneaky about unloading our days spoils. As soon as we had everything laid out on the plastic stage next to Jacobs toolbox, he went right to work, still talking and laughing while his fingers combed expertly through the metal pieces in front of him.Jacobs skill with his hands was fascinating. They looked too big for the delicate tasks they performed with ease and precision. While he worked, he seemed almost graceful. Unlike when he was on his feet there, his height and big feet made him nearly as dangerous as I was.Quil and Embry did not show up, so maybe his threat yesterda y had been taken seriously.The day passed too quickly. It got dark outside the intercommunicate of the garage before I was expecting it, and then we heard Billy calling for us.I jumped up to help Jacob put things away, hesitating because I wasnt sure what I should touch.Just get around it, he said. Ill work on it later tonight.Dont forget your schoolwork or anything, I said, feeling a little guilty. I didnt want him to get in trouble. That plan was just for me.Bella?Both our heads snapped up as Charlies familiar voice wafted through the trees, sounding closer than the house.Shoot, I muttered. Coming I yelled toward the house.Lets go. Jacob smiled, enjoying the cloak-and-dagger. He snapped the light rancid, and for a moment I was blind. Jacob grabbed my hand and towed me out of the garage and through the trees, his feet finding the familiar path easily. His hand was rough, and very warm.Despite the path, we were both transitping over our feet in the darkness. So we were also both laughing when the house came into view. The laughter did not go deep it was light and superficial, but still nice. I was sure he wouldnt notice the faint hint of hysteria. I wasnt used to laughing, and it felt right and also very wrong at the same time.Charlie was standing under the little back porch, and Billy was seated in the doorway behind them.Hey, Dad, we both said at the same time, and that started us laughing again.Charlie stared at me with wide eyes that flashed down to note Jacobs hand around mine.Billy invited us for dinner, Charlie said to us in an absentminded tone.My super privy recipe for spaghetti. Handed down for generations, Billy said gravely.Jacob snorted. I dont think Ragus actually been around that long.The house was crowded. Harry Clearwater was there, too, with his familyhis wife, Sue, whom I knew vaguely from my childishness summers in Forks, and his two children. Leah was a senior like me, but a year older. She was beautiful in an exotic wayperfect copp er skin, glistening black hair, eyelashes like feather dustersand preoccupied. She was on Billys phone when we got in, and she never let it go. hardening was fourteen he hung on Jacobs every word with idolizing eyes.There were too many of us for the kitchen table, so Charlie and Harry brought chairs out to the yard, and we ate spaghetti off plates on our laps in the dim light from Billys open door. The men talked about the game, and Harry and Charlie made fishing plans. Sue teased her husband about his cholesterol and tried, unsuccessfully, to shame him into eating something green and leafy. Jacob talked mostly to me and Seth, who interrupted thirstily whenever Jacob seemed in danger of forgetting him. Charlie watched me, trying to be inconspicuous about it, with dexterous but cautious eyes.It was loud and sometimes confusing as everyone talked over everyone else, and the laughter from one joke interrupted the telling of another. I didnt have to speak often, but I smiled a lot, a nd only because I felt like it.I didnt want to leave.This was Washington, though, and the inevitable rain eventually bust up the party Billys living room was much too small to provide an option for continuing the get-together. Harry had driven Charlie down, so we rode together in my truck on the way back home. He asked about my day, and I told mostly the truththat Id gone with Jacob to look at parts and then watched him work in his garage.You think youll visit again anytime soon? he wondered, trying to be casual about it.Tomorrow after school, I admitted. Ill take homework, dont worry.You be sure to do that, he ordered, trying to camouflage his satisfaction.I was nervous when we got to the house. I didnt want to go upstairs. The warmth of Jacobs battlefront was fading and, in its absence, the anxiety grew stronger. I was sure I wouldnt get away with two peaceful nights of balance in a row.To put bedtime off, I checked my e-mail there was a new communicate from Renee.She wrote a bout her day, a new book club that rilled the time expansion slot of the meditation classes shed just quit, her week subbing in the second grade, wanting her kindergarteners. She wrote that Phil was enjoying his new coaching job, and that they were planning a second honeymoon trip to Disney World.And I noticed that the whole thing read like a journal entry, rather than a letter to someone else. Remorse fill through me, leaving an uncomfortable sting behind. Some daughter I was.I wrote back to her quickly, commenting on each part of her letter, volunteering information of my owndescribing the spaghetti party at Billys and how I felt watching Jacob build useful things out of small pieces of metalawed and slightly envious. I made no reference to the change this letter would befrom the ones shed received in the last several months. I could barely remember what Id written to her even as recently as last week, but I was sure it wasnt very responsive. The more I thought about it, the gu iltier I felt I really must have worried her.I stayed up extra late after that, finishing more homework than strictly necessary. But neither sleep deprivation nor the time spent with Jacobbeing almost happy in a shallow kind of waycould keep the dream away for two nights in a row.I woke shuddering, my scream muffled by the pillow.As the dim morning light filtered through the fog outside my window, I lay still in bed and tried to shake off the dream. There had been a small difference last night, and I concentrated on that.Last night I had not been alone in the woods. surface-to-air missile Uleythe man who had pulled me from the forest floor that night I couldnt bear to think of consciouslywas there. It was an odd, unexpected alteration. The mans dark eyes had been surprisingly unfriendly, filled with some closed book he didnt seem inclined to share. Id stared at him as often as my frantic searching had allowed it made me uncomfortable, under all the usual panic, to have him there. M aybe that was because, when I didnt look directly at him, his shape seemed to pulse and change in my peripheral vision. Yet he did nothing but stand and watch. Unlike the time when we had met in reality, he did not unfold me his help.Charlie stared at me during breakfast, and I tried to ignore him. I supposed I deserved it. I couldnt expect him not to worry. It would probably be weeks before he stopped watching for the return of the zombie, and I would just have to try to not let it bother me. After all, I would be watching for the return of the zombie, too. Two days was hardly long enough to call me cured.School was the opposite. Now that I was paying attention, it was clear that no one was watching here.I remembered the first day Id come to Forks exalted Schoolhow desperately Id wished that I could turn gray, fade into the wet concrete of the paving like an oversized chameleon. It seemed I was getting that wish answered, a year late.It was like I wasnt there. Even my teachers eyes slid past my seat as if it were empty.I listened all through the morning, hearing once again the voices of the hoi polloi around me. I tried to catch up on what was going on, but the conversations were so disjointed that I gave up.Jessica didnt look up when I sat down next to her in Calculus.Hey, Jess, I said with delusive nonchalance. How was the rest of your weekend?She looked at me with suspicious eyes. Could she still be enraged? Or was she just too impatient to deal with a crazy person?Super, she said, turning back to her book.Thats good, I mumbled.The figure of speech icy shoulder seemed to have some literal truth to it. I could feel the warm air blowing from the floor vents, but I was still too cold. I took the jacket off the back of my chair and put it on again.My fourth hour class got out late, and the lunch table I always sat at was full by the time I arrived. microphone was there, Jessica and Angela, Conner, Tyler, Eric and Lauren. Katie Marshall, the redheaded j uniorwho lived around the corner from me, was sitting with Eric, and capital of Texas Marksolder brother to the boy with the motorcycleswas next to her. I wondered how long theyd been sitting here, unavailing to remember if this was the first day or something that was a regular habit.I was beginning to get annoyed with myself. I might as well have been packed in Styrofoam peanuts through the last semester.No one looked up when I sat down next to microphone, even though the chair squealed stridently against the linoleum as I dragged it back.I tried to catch up with the conversation.Mike and Conner were talking sports, so I gave up on that one at once.Wheres Ben today? Lauren was asking Angela. I perked up, interested. I wondered if that meant Angela and Ben were still together.I barely recognized Lauren. Shed cut off all her blond, corn-silk hairnow she had a pixie cut so short that the back was shaved like a boy. What an odd thing for her to do. I wished I knew the reason behind it . Did she get gum stuck in it? Did she cheat it? Had all the batch she was habitually nasty to caught her behind the gym and scalped her? I decided it wasnt fair for me to judge her now by my former opinion. For all I knew, shed off into a nice person.Bens got the stomach flu, Angela said in her quiet, calm voice. hopefully its just some twenty-four hour thing. He was really mordant last night.Angela had changed her hair, too. Shed grown out her layers.What did you two do this weekend? Jessica asked, not sounding as if she cared about the answer. Id bet that this was just an opener so she could tell her own stories. I wondered if she would talk about demeanor Angeles with me sitting two seats away? Was I that invisible, that no one would feel uncomfortable discussing me while I was here?We were going to have a picnic Saturday, actually, but we changed our minds, Angela said. There was an edge to her voice that caught my interest.Jess, not so much. Thats too bad, she said, about to launch into her story. But I wasnt the only one who was paying attention.What happened? Lauren asked curiously.Well, Angela said, seeming more hesitant than usual, though she was always reserved, we operate up north, almost to the hot springstheres a good spot just about a mile up the trail. But, when we were halfway there we saw something.Saw something? What? Laurens pale eyebrows pulled together. Even Jess seemed to be listening now.I dont know, Angela said. We think it was a bear. It was black, anyway, but it seemed too big.Lauren snorted. Oh, not you, too Her eyes dark mocking, and I decided I didnt need to give her the benefit of the doubt. obviously her personality had not changed as much as her hair. Tyler tried to sell me that one last week.Youre not going to see any bears that close to the resort, Jessica said, siding with Lauren.Really, Angela protested in a low voice, looking down at the table. We did see it.Lauren snickered. Mike was still talking to Conner, not paying attention to the girls.No, shes right, I threw in impatiently. We had a hiker in just Saturday who saw the bear, too, Angela. He said it was huge and black and just outside of town, didnt he, Mike?There was a moment of silence. Every pair of eyes at the table turned to stare at me in shock. The new girl, Katie, had her mouth hanging open like shed just witnessed an explosion. Nobody moved.Mike? I muttered, mortified. Remember the guy with the bear story?S-sure, Mike stuttered after a second. I didnt know why he was looking at me so strangely. I talked to him at work, didnt I? Did I? I thought soMike recovered. Yeah, there was a guy who said he saw a huge black bear right at the trailheadbigger than a grizzly, he confirmed.Hmph. Lauren turned to Jessica, her shoulders stiff, and changed the subject.Did you hear back from USC? she asked.Everyone else looked away, too, except for Mike and Angela. Angela smiled at me tentatively, and I hurried to return the smile.So, what did you do this weekend, Bella? Mike asked, curious, but strangely wary.Everyone but Lauren looked back, waiting for my response.Friday night, Jessica and I went to a movie in Port Angeles. And then I spent Saturday afternoon and most of Sunday down at La Push.The eyes flickered to Jessica and back to me. Jess looked irritated. I wondered if she didnt want anyone to know shed gone out with me, or whether she just wanted to be the one to tell the story.What movie did you see? Mike asked, starting to smile.Dead Endthe one with the zombies. I grinned in encouragement. Maybe some of the damage Id done in these past zombie months was reparable.I heard that was scary. Did you think so? Mike was eager to continue the conversation.Bella had to leave at the end, she was so freaked, Jessica inserted with a sly smile.I nodded, trying to look embarrassed. It was pretty scary.Mike didnt stop asking me questions till lunch was over. Gradually, the others were able to start up their own conversations ag ain, though they still looked at me a lot. Angela talked mostly to Mike and me, and, when I got up to dump my tray, she followed.Thanks, she said in a low voice when we were away from the table.For what?Speaking up, sticking up for me.No problem.She looked at me with concern, but not the offensive, maybe-shes-lost-it kind. Are you okay?This is why Id picked Jessica over Angelathough Id always liked Angela morefor the girls night movie. Angela was too perceptive.Not completely, I admitted. But Im a little bit better.Im glad, she said. Ive missed you.Lauren and Jessica strolled by us then, and I heard Lauren whisper loudly, Oh, joy Bellas back.Angela rolled her eyes at them, and smiled at me in encouragement.I sighed It was like I was starting all over again.Whats todays date? I wondered suddenly.Its January nineteenth.Hmm.What is it? Angela asked.It was a year ago yesterday that I had my first day here, I mused.Nothings changed much, Angela muttered, looking after Lauren and Jessica. I know, I agreed I was just thinking the same thing.

Conflict in the Hunger Games Essay

An important strife in the novel The aridity Games, by Suzanne Collins, is the difference amid the districts and the Capitol. This conflict is important to the text as a whole because the result of this conflict was the Hunger Games. The Hunger Games be a punishment for a antecedent uprising, where twain tributes from each district are chosen to fight to death in an arena. The main protagonist, Katniss Everdeen, becomes an important figurehead of the districts growing resentment of the Capitol when she takes the place of her younger sister mincing as a tribute in the Hunger Games. This essay volition explore the reason behind the conflict, Katniss involvement in the conflict and the conflicts importance to the novel as a whole.The conflict between the districts and the Capitol exists because of the inequality between the rich Capitol and the abject districts. Katniss describes District 12 as a place where you can starve to death in safety. In contrast Katniss describes the Capitol with the magnificence of its glistening buildings and where food appears at the contract of a button. It is this inequality that caused conflict between the Capitol and the districts, leading to a previous uprising which saw the complete destruction of District 13 and the bear of the Hunger Games. As Katniss explains, the Hunger games were the Capitols way of reminding us how alone we are at their mercy. When Katniss volunteers as tribute in place of her sister, she becomes a key component in the ongoing conflict between the districts and the Capitol.When Katniss volunteers as tribute for District 12, the district responds with a subtle form of lawlessness which shows the conflict that exists between the districts and the Capitol. To the everlasting credit of the people ofdistrict 12, non one person claps. I stand there unmoving trance they take part in the boldest form of dissent they can manage. Silence. Which says we do not agree. We do not condone. All of this is wrong. During the competition Katniss continues with these subtle forms of disorder through wearing the Mockingjay pin, holding hands with Peeta at the opening ceremony, demo respect for her fallen comrade from district 11, Rue and finally with her and Peetas final stand.To deny the Capitol a victor for the Hunger Games, Katniss and Peeta threaten to bug out themselves by eating the deadly nightlock berries. The Capitol are forced to declare two victors which causes even greater conflict between Katniss and the Capitol. As Haymitch explains, The one thing the Capitol cant stand is being laughed at and they are the jape of Panem.The conflict is based on the inequality between the rich Capitol and the poor districts. Through subtle acts of rebellion throughout the novel of the behalf of Katniss the conflict grows. This conflict is important to the text as a whole because without the conflict between the districts and the Capitol there would be no Hunger Games.

Paper on “Night” by Elie Wisel

Elies spiritual Journey In Elie Wisels Night, Elie goes through with(predicate) an incredible spiritual change. In the starting signal of his book he is striving to become the most devoted Jew he can. This is illustrated by his crying because something inside me felt up the need to cry as he was praying in the temple. His obedience to Judism is also shown by his desire to field the Kabbalah. When his father discourages him from studying this world of mysticism Elie begins looking for his own teacher, and he finds Moishe the Beadle. Moishe helps Elie see why he prays and guide him in the teaching of the Kabbalists.One of the archetypical times Elies faith is tested is when he first gets to Birkenau and sees the crematorium. There hatful are expecting death however his father says May His arrive at be celebrated and sanctified. Elie gets mad at his father for saying this, because Elie had an expectation from his devotion to Judism. He expects to turn in a long life with mini mal trials give thanks to his devotion. However, when his faith is tested he says For the first time I felt anger rising within me. Why should I sanctify His ring? The Almighty and terrible Master of the Universe, chose to be silent.What was there to thank him for? This shows he is disappointed in graven image. The Bible says give thanks in exclusively circumstances, for this is Gods go forth for you in Christ Jesus (1 Thessalonians 518) Elies attitude is non thankful and even hating. We see that Elie also feels like God has left wing Elie and the Jews. In chapter 4 a unexampled boy is hanged from the gallows. As he slips in and out of death someone says For Gods sake, where is God? Elie says Where He is? This is where hang here from this gallows. Elie now believes God is dead or has forgotten about His people.His response shows that he has begun to totally disregard God, and even question himself as well as his faith. Elie is upset that God is allowing the Jews to b e slaughtered. You have betrayed (the inmates) allowing them to be tortured, slaughtered, gassed, and burned What do they do? They pray before you They praise your name This statement from chapter 5, during Rosh Hashanah, shows that Elie is definitely mad at God for letting the final solution happen. The next two paragraphs show how Elies faith has been shattered. I knew my sins grieved the Almighty so I pleaded for forgiveness. . .But, now I no longer pleaded for anything. . . I was the accuser, God the accused. These two statements reveal that Elie feels the power of the Holy Spirit to ask for forgiveness, yet he ignores it. He chooses instead to accuse God and to block out His voice. Despite all these times when he has denied God, Elie still begins his Nobel Peace measure speech with a prayer. He goes on to talk about a small boy (him) that has emerged from the Kingdom of Night, the Holocaust. He said A young Jewish boy discovered the Kingdom of Night. I remember his bewilderm ent, I remember his anguish. It all happened so fast. Elie also talks about his Judism. He tells everyone that his First response is to Jewish fears. He wants everyone to know that he will not stand by as his people are persecuted. As he draws his speech to a close he says, Should Israel lose except one war, it would mean her end and ours as well. But I have faith. This comment as well as his entire speech, shows that Elie has, perhaps, restored his faith in God, despite his bitterness. However, only God knows his heart. Only God knows what that little boy crying in the temple went through, as he traveled through the Kingdom of Night.

John Proctor †the fair and noble character Essay

The novel The Crucible by Arthur Miller is most witchcraft and the accusations of witches in Salem, Massachusetts. One of the main characters in the story, which happens in the abjure of 1692, is stool invigi advanced, a farmer in his middle thirties. He is espouse to Elizabeth watch. It is non directly said, except they have at least deuce sons and a consideration named Marry Warren. Because follow seems to be very religious, he really loves his married woman and he confesses his af average with Abigail Williams to Elizabeth furthermore he subsequent refuses to be with Abigail, this makes him a very fair man.First of all, the protagonist john keep an eye on seems to be religious, in view of the fact that when he is taken to jail he does not defend himself at all he simply accepts that he did something wrong and he can live with that. This makes him religious, because he does not neediness to harm the Ten Commandments. He writes a vindication that he has seen the devi l and that he was the only one. He even signs this paper, but as soon as Deputy Governor Danforth asks Proctor to ca-ca the confession to him, Elizabeths husband refuses and tears it up. On the one bridge player he does that, because he thinks that his name cannot be taken away from him on the other hand he knows that the paper does not tell the truth. He rather wants to be hanged than to live with the thought that he has lied to the church. This is a very strong and self-confident consideration.Another proof that John Proctor is fair can be seen in his former affair with Abigail Williams, the servant to the Perris-household. She was once in love with him, but they broke up because Proctor realized that he really could not afford to be in love with a girl while macrocosm married and having children this makes him being fair to his wife as he does not want to woundedher. Later when Abigail threatened to tell Elizabeth about their affair he wisely chose to tell the truth to his wi fe. He refused not to tell her earlier, because he did not want to hurt her. It is discovered in the last act that their kind is so strong that she forgives him. Telling her about his affair so late is probably not the best solution, but it is certainly better than verbalize nothing, so that Elizabeth finds our on her own.A further indication that John Proctor is fair would be that he remains strictly faithful to his wife once he realized that having affairs while being in love with someone else is a bad conception. So when Abigail later comes to Proctor to ask him for continuing their relationship the protagonist refuses. He cannot do this to himself or to his wife. Otherwise he would commit adultery once more. Again, this makes him being fair to his wife.In conclusion one can say that the character John Proctor is a quite fair person. After he realizes some thingsfor example, having an affair is not the best while being marriedhe tries to do the best for himself and the people a round him. This includes no voluntarily tie-in with Abigail. They only talk when he tells her that he cannot or does not want her anymore. Finally he pays with his life for committing adultery. This action is one of the most communicative acts in the whole play. John Proctor is a good and baronial man and because of this he believes that he cant be hanged and fret a martyr when he has this sin blooming over him every(prenominal) waking moment.

Personality and Ability Essay

1) What determines our private characteristics? In other(a) words, is disposition and exponent determined by our genes, our environment, or some combination of both? a. What percentage of our personality is determined by our genes? 35 -49% b. What percentage of our qualification is determined by our genes? 60%2) What argon the diverse taxonomies for classifying an individuals personality? a. The Big five dollar bill This taxonomy consists of five-spot traits Conscientiousness, agree competency, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, and extr all oversion. It reliably measures personality traits and well-groundedly predicts many personal line of credit final results. b. The Myers-Briggs eccentric Inventory This taxonomy is one of the most(prenominal) popular. Unfortunately, it is non very reliable (take it at a time and you super force play be classified as an ESTJ, take it again and you capacity be classified as an ISFP). It in any case isnt very valid. wherefo re isnt it valid? Well, for one, it isnt reliable. (And remember, reliability is a precursor for validity). For a nonher, it doesnt really separate well from bad performers. This scale is not ordinarily utilise for selection or advance purposes, un slight it is commonly used for police squad upbuilding purposesWe both take the test, and so we say, Wow, look at me. Im an ESTJIm such an extraverted brainr. What atomic number 18 you? An ISFJ? Oh thats so cool. We atomic number 18 both senser and judgers. Lets be sizeable squad upmates now. c. Hollands RIASEC model (named after a dude, not the region of the Netherlands). This taxonomy is used to reap tidy sum into cargoner fieldsnot much else. So, the main takeout food here is that on the question that asks, Which taxonomy is trounce for making selection and promotion decisions? Choose the Big Five.3) The Big Fivea. What atomic number 18 the Big Five?Conscientiousness dependable, organized, methodical, reliable, persev ering, ambitious, NOT c arless(prenominal), sloppy, inefficient, negligent, lazy and irresponsible Agreeableness kind, cooperative, sympathetic, stabilizing, courteous, warm, not critical, not antagonistic, not callous, not selfish, not rude and cold Neuroticism nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, jealous, precarious NOT calm, steady, relaxed, at ease, secure, contented Openness curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, sophisticated, NOTuninquisitive, conventional, conforming, simple, inartistic, traditional Extraversion talkative, sociable, passionate, bold, dominant NOT quiet, shy, inhibited, bashful, reserved, submissiveb. Which two traits predict task feat across nearly all jobs? Conscientious and neuroticismc. In what types of jobs be the other three traits valid predict of task procedure? Agreeableness=service jobs, extraversion=sales or loss leaders, openness= learningd. How does the posture of the situation violation the item to which personality predicts task motion?4) In class, we talked about personality testing. Each student completed a personality survey under (a) an honest condition and (b) a simulated job application condition.a. Was there evidence that faking was a problem?b. What argon contrastive techniques for alleviating faking on personality tests? Proactive measuresUse forced-choice inventories where appli ba practices get down to decide amid as enviable options (e.g., which adjective best describes you ambitious or helpful?) Use conditional reasoning tests (rather than ask about your personality, ask questions consequently infer your personality based on your responses) Warn appli grassts not to fictitiousRequire appli cig arttets to elaborate on their responsesReactive measuresMeasure response propagationInclude items designed to catch fakersc. Were we able to eliminate faking?5) In everyday, what is the best individual characteristic (out of our personality traits and abilities) for predicting task carryin g out?a. What about if we atomic number 18 trying to predict an individuals typical task performance? Motivationb. What about if we be trying to predict an individuals maximal task performance? susceptibility6) What characteristic of the job impacts the affinity surrounded by cognitive ability and task performance? When is the alliance stronger and when is the relationship weaker? iodine of the best predictor of job performance. Gold standard in term of individual resistence predictors. Research evidence for the validity of general mental ability measures for predicting job performance is stronger than for any other method. importantly undervalued by managersOn average, conscientiousness is a better predictor of employee performance than intelligence. 72% Increase organizational performance/profitability7) Emotional ability What are the dimensions of emotional ability? What do they mean? (If I sanctify you an example, you should be able to tell me which dimension is bei ng portrayed.) Self-awareness Appraisal and reflexion of emotions in oneself. The ability of an individual to understand the types of she is experiencing, the willingness to ac intimacy them and the capability to talk them naturally. Other awareness appraisal and recognition of emotion in others. Ability to recognize and understand the emotions that other people are feeling. Emotion ordination ability to recover quickly from emotional experiences. Use of emotions this capability reflects the storey to which people can harness emotions and employ them to improve their chances of being supremacyful in whatever theyre seeking to.Groups and police squads1. What is task interdependency?Team members interact with and rely on other team up members for the information, materials, and resources needed to extend to depart for the team.a. What are the different types of task mutualness?Pooled interdependency depressed task interdependence, easier to manage. Faster Sequential inte rdependence different tasks are through with(p) in a prescribed order the inter fulfill only occurs between members who perform task that are next to each other in the sequence. The latter part sustain the task after former part. One way interaction. Reciprocal interdependence same sequential one but this is two way interaction. Comprehensive interdependence upliftedest level of interaction and coordination among members. lofty quality output, difficult to manage, to a greater extent(prenominal) than conflict, social loafers or dominant members, moresimulate members, more catches errors, i. If I give you an example of a head for the hills team, you should be able to tell me what type work team they are (in scathe of task interdependence). Work team, management team, parallel team, project team, action team ii. If I give you a type of work team (in terms of task interdependence), you should be able to tell me how their members interact iii. You should also be able to rank t he task interdependence types in terms of the stop of coordination required. Comprehensive, reciprocal, sequential, pooled,b. How does change magnitude the degree of coordination required (aka increasing task interdependence) run butt against gains? Teams arrive more (and more diverse) knowledge / skills / information than the individuals Teams are able to divide and conquer tasksTeams are better at inherited errors than the individual who proposed the idea Teams are better at creating and enforcing production normsTeams talent stimulate individuals to perform betterTeams might stimulate a sense of belongingnessMembers might learn knowledge / skills / information from other individuals in the team Members might positively impact others moods and emotions (emotional contagion)c. How does increasing the degree of coordination required (aka increasing task interdependence) demand shape losses? Coordination consumes time and energy that could have been devoted to the task Prod uction blockingGroupthinkPressure to conform to the team and reluctance to criticize the comments of others Fear of negative evaluations from others may cause members to fulfil ideas Some team members may exercise un due captivate or monopolize the teams time Members may exert less effort when working on team tasks (social loafing) Members might negatively impact others moods and emotions (emotional contagion)2. What is goal interdependence?The degree to which team members have a shared goal and align theirindividual goals with that batch The more, the merrier.Increases voltage for process gains, decreases potential for process lossesa. How does increasing goal interdependence demand process gains?b. How does increasing goal interdependence chance on process losses?3. What is final result independence?The degree to which team members share equally in the feedback and rewards that result from the team achieving its goals. a. How does increasing outcome interdependence affect process gains? Answer It depends on the situation. b. How does increasing outcome interdependence affect process losses? Answer It depends on the situation. High outcome interdependence Team members share in the rewards (pay, bonuses, feedback, recognition, etc.) that the team earns Advantages promotes cooperationLow outcome interdependence Individual members receive rewards based on individual performance irrespective of team performance Advantages high performing members prefer getting more rewards than rest.4. If task interdependence is high (or abject), how should outcome interdependence be designed to maximize the ratio of process gains to process losses? . If task interdependence is high, it is usually better to ensure that outcome interdependence is also high5. If outcome interdependence is high (or low), how should task interdependence be designed to maximize the ratio of process gains to process losses? If outcome interdependence is low, it is usually better to try to en sure that task interdependence is also low.6. What are some factors that take shape up a teams composition? Member subprograms, member ability, member personality, team diversity, team size7. What are the different team roles? If I excuse a team role, you should be able to tell me whether it is a team task role, a team building role, or an individualistic role. a. What team roles principally well-being the team? What team role is slackly negative? Whereas Task role and team building role benefit the team, individualistic roles are generally negative.8. What is the relationship between team cognitive ability and team performance? a. When is this relationship stronger?In general, a teams cognitive ability is a moderate-to-strong predictor ofteam performance. As the task becomes more complex, the strength of the relationship between a teams cognitive ability and its performance increases. 9. What is the best combination of team members in terms of a. Conscientiousness- departure is important, too much is bad b. Extraversion-variance is important, too little variance can be bad c. Agreeableness- minimum is important, no members are too low.10. What is the impact of diversity on team outcomes? More specificallya. For which types of tasks is diversity generally good?1. The The task is complex and requires creativity2. attributes considered are tie in to knowledge and perspectives (ethnicity, dependableise, personality, attitudes, etc.)b. For which types of tasks is homogeneity (the lack of diversity) good? Regular work, low task complexity, requires forcec. What is surface-level diversity?Diversity feigning observable attributes such as race, sex, and age. i. How does it impact process losses over time?These process losses typically fade over timed. What is deep-level diversity?Diversity regarding attributes that are less flourishing to observe initially, but that can be inferred after more estimate experience such as attitudes, values, and personality i. How does it impact process losses over time?These process losses usually increase over time11. What are task work processes?Creative conduct, decision making, saltation spanninga. In terms of decision making, why do some teams look at bad decisions (i.e., what are the components that lead to poor team decisions)? Decision malady reflects whether members possess adequate information about their own task responsibilities. staff validity is the degree to which members make a good recommendations to the leader. Team members can possess all the information needed to make a valid recommendation but then fail to do so because of a lack of ability, insight or good judgment. Hierarchicalsensitivity is the degree to which the leader in effect(p)ly weighs the members recommendations.12. What are teamwork processes?a. If I describe behaviors and interactions within a team, you should be able to tell me whether these processes are transition, action, or interpersonal processes. intona tion processes teamwork activities that focus on preparation for future work. Action processes monitoring relegate toward goals. Teams that pay attention to goal related information are typically in a good position to realize when they are turned track and need to make changes. Interpersonal processes motivating and confidence building, affect management, conflict management,b. Also, you should knowi. When are transition processes most valuable to team success? ii. When are action processes most valuable to team success? iii. When are interpersonal processes most valuable to team success?13. What are team states?a. What is cohesion?Emotional attachment that tends to foster high levels of motif and commitment to the team. i. How does cohesion affect team outcomes?Tend to promote higher level of team performance.ii. What is sortthink?Feelings of overconfidence about the team capabilities.b. What is potency?Is the degree to which members believe that the team can be effective across a variety of situations and tasks. i. How does potency affect team outcomes?When a team has a high potency, members are confident that their team can perform well. wickedness versa. c. What are mental models?Level of common understanding among team members with regard to importantaspects of the team and its task. 14. How do teams develop over timea. according to the interpret Based seat of Team Development?b. according to the Punctuated Equilibrium mock up of Team Development? lead1. What is queen?The ability to influence the behavior of others and resist unwanted influence in return. a. What are the different types of power? Personal, organizational i. What types are derived from a persons position within the organization? Legitimate power is derived from a position of authority at bottom the organization and is sometimes referred to as formal authority. Reward power, coercive powerii. What types are derived from factors other than formal authority? Personal power expert pow er, referent powerb. What are some contingency factors that influence whether or not a person has power? (If I describe a situation, you should be able to tell me what contingency is responsible for the persons power or lack of power). Power contingency factors situations in organizations that are likely to increase or decrease the degree to which leaders can use their power to influence others. These include substitutability there are no substitutes for the rewards or resources the leader controls. Discretion the leader has the freedom to make his or her own decisions without being restrained by organizational rules. Centrality the leaders role is important and interdependent with others in the organization visibleness others know about the leader and the resources he or she can provide.2. What are the different influence tactics? If I describe a situation, you should be able to tell me what influence tactic is being used. a. Which tactics are most effective?Rational persuasion, c onsultation, inspirational appeals, collaboration b. Which tactics are least effective? Pressure, coalitionsc. When trying to influence a superior, which tactic is most effective? Engagement3. What are the different responses to influence tactics?a. What influence tactics often lead to internalization/engagement vs. compliance vs. ohmic resistance? Engagement occurs when the target of influence agrees with and becomes connected to the influence request abidance occurs when targets of influence are willing to do what the leaders asks butthey do it with a degree of ambivalence. Resistance target refuses to perform the influence request. Influencer power is low relative to the target or request itself is unreasonable.4. What are the different conflict resolution techniques?a. What types of outcomes do we expect from the different techniques? Competing high assertiveness, low cooperation (win-lose)Avoiding low assertiveness, low cooperation (lose-lose)Accommodating low assertiveness, high cooperation (lose-win) Collaboration high assertiveness, high cooperation (win-win) the best outcome Compromise moderate assertiveness, moderate cooperation (win-lose) lucky and common 5. Trait theories of leadershipa. turn out of the Big Five and cognitive ability, which two traits are the strongest predictors of leader takings? Conscientiousness and extraversion b. Out of the Big Five and cognitive ability, which trait is the strongest predictor of leader say-so? Cognitive ability c. According to the trait theories of leadershipi. What leadership outcome is best predicted by personality? leader emergence ii. What leadership outcome is best predicted by cognitive ability? Leader effectivenessd. basal premise of trait vs. behavior theories If traits predict leadership, then organizations should invest in hiring people with general dispositions to be leaders. If not, then organizations should not focus on hiring the right people, but preferably, should focus on teaching people to be good leaders. Research shows that both traits and behaviors predict leadership. So, organizations should focus on hiring people that are predisposed to be better leaders and then training these people how to be the best leaders they can be.6. Behavior theories of leadershipa. What are the two general categories of leader behaviors? If I describe a feature behavior, you should be able to tell me whether it is an example of Consideration or Initiating Structure. Initiating Structure the termination to which a leader is likely to pose and complex body part his/her roles andthose of employees in the search for goal attainment Consideration the extent to which a person is likely to have job relationships that are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees ideas, and regard for their feelings b. What outcomes do these leader behaviors predict? (You dont need to know which behaviors moderately are vs. strongly related to which outcomesjust that these two behavio rs are both pretty good predictors of the set of outcomes.)7. Contingency theories of leadershipa. According to the Life Cycle Theory of Leadershipi. When following are unable, initiating structure is important ii. When followers are unwilling, considerateness is important iii. Followers usually progress through 4 stages1. uneffective but Willing2. Unable and defiant3. Able but Unwilling4. Able and Willingiv. So, in Stage 1 (Unable but Willing), initiating structure behaviors are required. In Stage 2, both initiating structure and consideration behaviors are required. In Stage 3, consideration behaviors are required. And in Stage 4, since the group is both willing and able, neither initiating structure nor consideration behaviors are inevitably requiredthe team will excel on its own. b. According to the Time-Driven Model of Leader Decision-Making Styles i. What are the different decision-making styles and how do they differ in terms of who is responsible for what?ii. I am not go ing to ask you to teach the decision-tree. But you need to know that the effectiveness of the decision-making style is contingent upon the situation. In some situations, an autocratic style is most important, in others, a helpful style, etc.iii. What might happen if leaders use inappropriate styles?You may end up making an incorrect decisionThe decision-making process may be inefficient (take more time or cost more money) The subordinates may not buy in to the decisionc. According to Leader-Member commuting TheoryLeaders treat different subordinates differently and the effectiveness of a leader is contingent on the relationship between the leader and the particular member(s) i. Who gets invited into the in-group?Those who are competent, likeable, and more similar to the leader in terms of attitudes and values. ii. What are the advantages of being in the in-group?More trusted, receive a disproportionate nitty-gritty of the leaders attention, receive special privileges iii. What ar e the disadvantages of being in the in-group? Rise and fall with the success of the leader.iv. How do people in the in-group differ from people in the out-group in terms of performance, turnover, and satisfaction? Higher performance, less turnover, greater job satisfactionRate the leader as more effective.d. According to Critical Theories of Leadershipi. If substitutes or neutralizers are present, is it best to buy the farm a lot of money hiring, training, and developing leaders? If neutralizers are present, then spending time and money hiring, training, and developing leaders might not be worth it because they will have little impact on the success of their subordinates Have to consider whether it will be more effective to hire, train, and develop leaders or to focus on leader substitutes instead Good leaders often try to build substitutes so that the unit can run itself When evaluating leader performance, it is important to determine whether success (or failure) is due to the le ader or to substitutes and neutralizers. e. What are the different leadership styles? If I explain a leader, you should be able to tell me whether the leader is using a laissez-faire, passive management-by- riddance, active management-by-exception, contingent reward, transformational, etc. Laissez-faire Hands despatch style of leadership, Leader avoids getting involvedManagement by exception (passive) Leader only gets involved when mistakes are madeManagement by exception (active) Leader monitors group, looking for mistakes and gets involved only when mistakes are made. contingent upon(p) reward Leader makes rewards contingent on favorable performance.Transformational leadershipWhat helps leaders transform followers so that they are willing to work beyond expectations to benefit the collective good? Idealized influence provides a vision and a sense of mission, instills pride, gains respect and trust Inspirational motivation fosters earnestness for and commitment to a shared visio n of the future Intellectual comment challenges followers to be innovative and creative Individualized consideration helps followers achieve their potential through coaching, development, and mentoring f. What are the factors that separate transformational leaders from other leaders? Followers of transformational leaders work harder and are more committed to the group and organization Transformational leadership is strongly related to leader emergence and leader effectiveness Leaders can be trained in transformational leadership stylesDark side Followers can be confident(p) to act unethically or immorally.A good leader has desirable leadership traitsA good leader exhibits effective leadership behaviorsA good leader matches the leadership behavior to the situation A good leader guides individuals and motivates them to perform at a high levelA great leader transforms followers so that they are willing to work beyond expectations to benefit the collective good